Index of Topics

- A -

abort
The abort Function
abort_handler_s
abs
access, _access, _waccess
acos
acosh
alloca
Allocating Zero Memory
Analyze Functions
_arc, _arc_w, _arc_wxy
asctime Functions
asctime_s, _wasctime_s
asin
asinh
assert
atan
atan2
atanh
atexit
The atexit Function
atof, _wtof
atoi, _wtoi
atol, _wtol
atoll, _wtoll
_atouni
Attribute Functions

- B -

basename
bcmp
bcopy
bdos
_beginthread, _beginthreadex
Bessel Functions
_bfreeseg
_bgetcmd
_bheapseg
BIOS Functions
_bios_disk
_bios_equiplist
_bios_keybrd
_bios_memsize
_bios_printer
_bios_serialcom
_bios_timeofday
_bprintf, _bwprintf
break...  Functions
brk
bsearch
bsearch_s
btowc
bzero

- C -

C Library Overview
cabs
calloc Functions
cbrt
ceil
cgets
_chain_intr
Character Manipulation Functions
Character Testing
chdir, _chdir, _wchdir
_chdrive
chmod, _chmod, _wchmod
_chsize, chsize
Classes of Functions
Classes of Graphics Functions
_clear87
clearenv
clearerr
_clearscreen
clock
The clock Function
clock_getres
clock_gettime
clock_nanosleep
clock_settime
clone
close, _close
closedir, _wclosedir
_cmdname
_commit
Console I/O Functions
_control87
_controlfp
Conversion Functions
Coordinate System Functions
copysign
cos
cosh
cprintf
cputs
creat, _creat, _wcreat
cscanf
ctime Functions
ctime_s, _wctime_s
cwait, _cwait

- D -

Default Signals
Default Windowing Functions
delay
Deleting Open Files
Diagnostic Printed by the assert Function
_dieeetomsbin
difftime
Directory Functions
dirname
_disable
Display Functions
_displaycursor
div
_dmsbintoieee
Domain Errors
DOS Commands
DOS Considerations
DOS Devices
DOS Directories
DOS File Names
DOS Files
DOS Interrupts
DOS LFN aware Functions
DOS Processes
DOS-Specific Functions
_dos_allocmem
_dos_close
_dos_commit
_dos_creat
_dos_creatnew
_dos_find...  Functions
_dos_freemem
_dos_getdate
_dos_getdiskfree
_dos_getdrive
_dos_getfileattr
_dos_getftime
_dos_gettime
_dos_getvect
_dos_keep
_dos_open
_dos_read
_dos_setblock
_dos_setdate
_dos_setdrive
_dos_setfileattr
_dos_setftime
_dos_settime
_dos_setvect
_dos_write
dosexterr
Drawing Functions
dup, _dup
dup2, _dup2
_dwDeleteOnClose
_dwSetAboutDlg
_dwSetAppTitle
_dwSetConTitle
_dwShutDown
_dwYield

- E -

ecvt, _ecvt, _wecvt
_ellipse, _ellipse_w, _ellipse_wxy
_enable
endhostent
endnetent
endprotoent
endpwent
endservent
_endthread, _endthreadex
Environment Functions
Environment Names
_eof, eof
erf
erfc
exec...  Functions
exit
_Exit, _exit
exp
exp2
_expand Functions
expm1

- F -

fabs
fclose
fcloseall
fcvt, _fcvt, _wfcvt
fdim
fdopen, _fdopen, _wfdopen
feclearexcept
fedisableexcept, __fedisableexcept
feenableexcept, __feenableexcept
fegetenv
fegetexceptflag
fegetround
feholdexcept
feof
feraiseexcept
ferror
fesetenv
fesetexceptflag
fesetround
fetestexcept
feupdateenv
fflush
ffs
fgetc, fgetwc
fgetchar, _fgetchar, _fgetwchar
fgetpos
fgets, fgetws
_fieeetomsbin
File Access Limits
File Buffering
File Manipulation Functions
File Names
File Position Errors
File Position in Append Mode
_filelength, _filelengthi64, filelength
FILENAME_MAX
fileno
_findclose
_findfirst, _findfirsti64, _wfindfirst, _wfindfirsti64
_findnext, _findnexti64, _wfindnext, _wfindnexti64
_finite
_floodfill, _floodfill_w
floor
_flushall, flushall
fma
fmax
fmin
fmod
The fmod Function
_fmsbintoieee
fnmatch
Font Manipulation Functions
fopen, _wfopen
fopen_s, _wfopen_s
FP_OFF
FP_SEG
fpclassify
_fpreset
fprintf, fwprintf
fprintf_s, fwprintf_s
fputc, fputwc
fputchar, _fputchar, _fputwchar
fputs, fputws
fread
free Functions
_freect
freopen, _wfreopen
freopen_s, _wfreopen_s
frexp
fscanf, fwscanf
fscanf_s, fwscanf_s
fseek
fsetpos
_fsopen, _wfsopen
fstat, _fstat, _fstati64
fsync
ftell
ftime
_fullpath, _wfullpath
fwide
fwrite

- G -

gcvt, _gcvt, _wgcvt
_get_osfhandle
_getactivepage
_getarcinfo
_getbkcolor
getc, getwc
getch
getchar, getwchar
getche
_getcliprgn
getcmd
_getcolor
_getcurrentposition, _getcurrentposition_w
getcwd, _wgetcwd
_getdcwd, _wgetdcwd
getdelim
_getdiskfree
_getdrive
getegid
getenv, _wgetenv
getenv_s
geteuid
_getfillmask
_getfontinfo
getgid
_getgtextextent
_getgtextvector
gethostbyaddr
gethostbyname
gethostent
_getimage, _getimage_w, _getimage_wxy
getline
_getlinestyle
_getmbcp
getnetbyaddr
getnetbyname
getnetent
getopt
getpgrp
_getphyscoord
getpid, _getpid
_getpixel, _getpixel_w
_getplotaction
getppid
getprotobyname
getprotobynumber
getprotoent
getpwent
getpwnam
getpwuid
gets, _getws
gets_s
getservbyname
getservbyport
getservent
_gettextcolor
_gettextcursor
_gettextextent
_gettextposition
_gettextsettings
_gettextwindow
gettid
getuid
_getvideoconfig
_getviewcoord, _getviewcoord_w, _getviewcoord_wxy
_getvisualpage
_getw
_getwindowcoord
Global Data
gmtime Functions
gmtime_s
Graphics Adapters
Graphics Functions
Graphics Header Files
Graphics Library
Graphics Text Functions
_grow_handles
_grstatus
_grtext, _grtext_w

- H -

halloc
_harderr, _hardresume, _hardretn
_hdopen
Header Files
Header Files in /watcom/h
Header Files in /watcom/h/sys
Heap Functions
_heapchk Functions
_heapenable
_heapgrow Functions
_heapmin Functions
_heapset Functions
_heapshrink Functions
_heapwalk Functions
hfree
hypot

- I -

ignore_handler_s
ilogb
Image Manipulation Functions
_imagesize, _imagesize_w, _imagesize_wxy
imaxabs
imaxdiv
Implementation-Defined Behavior of the C Library
inp
inpd
inpw
int386
int386x
int86
int86x
intdos
intdosx
Intel 80x86 Architecture-Specific Functions
Intel Pentium Multimedia Extension Functions
intr
intrf
isalnum, iswalnum
isalpha, iswalpha
isascii, __isascii, iswascii
isatty, _isatty
isblank, iswblank
iscntrl, iswcntrl
iscsym, __iscsym, __iswcsym
iscsymf, __iscsymf, __iswcsymf
isdigit, iswdigit
isfinite
isgraph, iswgraph
isinf
isleadbyte
islower, iswlower
_ismbbalnum
_ismbbalpha
_ismbbgraph
_ismbbkalnum
_ismbbkalpha
_ismbbkana
_ismbbkprint
_ismbbkpunct
_ismbblead
_ismbbprint
_ismbbpunct
_ismbbtrail
_ismbcalnum
_ismbcalpha
_ismbccntrl
_ismbcdigit
_ismbcgraph
_ismbchira
_ismbckata
_ismbcl0
_ismbcl1
_ismbcl2
_ismbclegal
_ismbclower
_ismbcprint
_ismbcpunct
_ismbcspace
_ismbcsymbol
_ismbcupper
_ismbcxdigit
isnan
isnormal
isprint, iswprint
ispunct, iswpunct
isspace, iswspace
isupper, iswupper
iswctype
isxdigit, iswxdigit
itoa, _itoa, _itow

- K -

kbhit, _kbhit

- L -

labs
ldexp
ldiv
lfind
lgamma
lgamma_r
Library Functions and Macros
_lineto, _lineto_w
llabs
lldiv
lltoa, _lltoa, _lltow
localeconv
localtime Functions
localtime_s
lock
locking, _locking
log
log10
log1p
log2
logb
longjmp
_lrotl
_lrotr
lsearch
lseek, _lseek, _lseeki64
ltoa, _ltoa, _ltow

- M -

_m_empty
_m_from_int
_m_packssdw
_m_packsswb
_m_packuswb
_m_paddb
_m_paddd
_m_paddsb
_m_paddsw
_m_paddusb
_m_paddusw
_m_paddw
_m_pand
_m_pandn
_m_pcmpeqb
_m_pcmpeqd
_m_pcmpeqw
_m_pcmpgtb
_m_pcmpgtd
_m_pcmpgtw
_m_pmaddwd
_m_pmulhw
_m_pmullw
_m_por
_m_pslld
_m_pslldi
_m_psllq
_m_psllqi
_m_psllw
_m_psllwi
_m_psrad
_m_psradi
_m_psraw
_m_psrawi
_m_psrld
_m_psrldi
_m_psrlq
_m_psrlqi
_m_psrlw
_m_psrlwi
_m_psubb
_m_psubd
_m_psubsb
_m_psubsw
_m_psubusb
_m_psubusw
_m_psubw
_m_punpckhbw
_m_punpckhdq
_m_punpckhwd
_m_punpcklbw
_m_punpckldq
_m_punpcklwd
_m_pxor
_m_to_int
main, wmain, WinMain, wWinMain
_makepath, _wmakepath
malloc Functions
Math Functions
matherr
max
_mbbtombc
_mbbtype
_mbccmp, _fmbccmp
_mbccpy, _fmbccpy
_mbcicmp, _fmbcicmp
_mbcjistojms
_mbcjmstojis
_mbclen, _fmbclen
_mbctohira
_mbctokata
_mbctolower
_mbctombb
_mbctoupper
_mbgetcode, _fmbgetcode
mblen, _fmblen
_mbputchar, _fmbputchar
mbrlen, _fmbrlen
mbrtowc, _fmbrtowc
_mbsbtype, _fmbsbtype
_mbsdec, _fmbsdec, _strdec, _wcsdec
_mbsinc, _fmbsinc, _strinc, _wcsinc
mbsinit, sisinit
_mbsnbcat, _fmbsnbcat
_mbsnbcmp, _fmbsnbcmp
_mbsnbcnt, _fmbsnbcnt, _mbsnccnt, _fmbsnccnt, _strncnt, _wcsncnt
_mbsnbcpy, _fmbsnbcpy
_mbsnbicmp, _fmbsnbicmp
_mbsnbset, _fmbsnbset
_mbsnextc, _fmbsnextc, _strnextc, _wcsnextc
_mbsninc, _fmbsninc, _strninc, _wcsninc
mbsrtowcs, _fmbsrtowcs
mbsrtowcs_s, _fmbsrtowcs_s
_mbsspnp, _fmbsspnp, _strspnp, _wcsspnp
mbstowcs, _fmbstowcs
mbstowcs_s, _fmbstowcs_s
_mbterm, _fmbterm
mbtowc, _fmbtowc
_mbvtop, _fmbvtop
_memavl
memccpy, _fmemccpy, _memccpy
memchr, _fmemchr, wmemchr
memcmp, _fmemcmp, wmemcmp
memcpy, _fmemcpy, wmemcpy
memcpy_s, wmemcpy_s
_memicmp, _fmemicmp, memicmp
_memmax
memmove, _fmemmove, wmemmove
memmove_s, wmemmove_s
Memory Allocation Functions
Memory Manipulation Functions
memset, _fmemset, wmemset
Messages Generated by the perror Function
min
Miscellaneous Functions
MK_FP
mkdir, _mkdir, _wmkdir
mkstemp
_mktemp, _wmktemp
mktime
mlock
mlockall
mmap
modf
movedata
_moveto, _moveto_w
mprotect
_msize Functions
msync
Multibyte Character Manipulation Functions
Multibyte String Manipulation Functions
munlock
munlockall
munmap

- N -

nan
nearbyint
nextafter
nl_langinfo
nosound
Null Characters
NULL Macro

- O -

offsetof
_onexit, onexit
open, _open, _wopen
_open_osfhandle
opendir, _wopendir
Operating System I/O Functions
The OS/2 TZ Environment Variable
_os_handle
_outgtext
_outmem
outp
outpd
outpw
_outtext

- P -

pclose
_pclose
perror, _wperror
_pg_analyzechart, _pg_analyzechartms
_pg_analyzepie
_pg_analyzescatter, _pg_analyzescatterms
_pg_chart, _pg_chartms
_pg_chartpie
_pg_chartscatter, _pg_chartscatterms
_pg_defaultchart
_pg_getchardef
_pg_getpalette
_pg_getstyleset
_pg_hlabelchart
_pg_initchart
_pg_resetpalette
_pg_resetstyleset
_pg_setchardef
_pg_setpalette
_pg_setstyleset
_pg_vlabelchart
_pie, _pie_w, _pie_wxy
_pipe
_polygon, _polygon_w, _polygon_wxy
popen
_popen, _wpopen
pow
Presentation Graphics Functions
printf, wprintf
printf_s, wprintf_s
Printing Pointer Values
Process Environment
Process Primitive Functions
putc, putwc
putch
putchar, putwchar
putenv, _putenv, _wputenv
_putimage, _putimage_w
puts, _putws
_putw

- Q -

qsort
qsort_s

- R -

raise
rand
Re-entrant Functions
read, _read, readv
readdir, _wreaddir
Reading Pointer Values
Reading Ranges
readlink
realloc Functions
_rectangle, _rectangle_w, _rectangle_wxy
_registerfonts
remainder
_remapallpalette
_remappalette
remove, _wremove
rename, _wrename
Renaming with a Name that Exists
rewind
rewinddir, _wrewinddir
rint
rmdir, _rmdir, _wrmdir
_rotl
_rotr
round

- S -

sbrk
scalbn
scanf, wscanf
scanf_s, wscanf_s
sched_get_priority_max
sched_get_priority_min
sched_getparam
sched_getscheduler
sched_rr_get_interval
sched_setparam
sched_setscheduler
sched_yield
_scrolltextwindow
_searchenv, _wsearchenv
Searching Functions
segread
_selectpalette
sem_destroy
sem_getvalue
sem_init
sem_post
sem_trywait
sem_wait
set_constraint_handler_s
_set_matherr
set_new_handler, _set_new_handler
_setactivepage
_setbkcolor
setbuf
_setcharsize, _setcharsize_w
_setcharspacing, _setcharspacing_w
_setcliprgn
_setcolor
setenv, _setenv, _wsetenv
_setfillmask
_setfont
_setgtextvector
sethostent
setjmp
_setlinestyle
setlocale, _wsetlocale
_setmbcp
_setmode, setmode
setnetent
_setpixel, _setpixel_w
_setplotaction
setprotoent
setpwent
setservent
_settextalign
_settextcolor
_settextcursor
_settextorient
_settextpath
_settextposition
_settextrows
_settextwindow
setvbuf
_setvideomode
_setvideomoderows
_setvieworg
_setviewport
_setvisualpage
_setwindow
The SIGILL Signal
signal
The signal Function
signbit
sin
sinh
sleep
_snprintf, _snwprintf
snprintf, snwprintf
snprintf_s, snwprintf_s
_sopen, _wsopen, sopen
sound
Space Characters
spawn...  Functions
_splitpath, _wsplitpath
_splitpath2, _wsplitpath2
sprintf, swprintf
sprintf_s, swprintf_s
sqrt
srand
sscanf, swscanf
sscanf_s, swscanf_s
stackavail, _stackavail
stat, _stat, _stati64, _wstat, _wstati64, lstat
_status87
strcasecmp
strcat, _fstrcat, wcscat, _mbscat, _fmbscat
strcat_s, wcscat_s
strchr, _fstrchr, wcschr, _mbschr, _fmbschr
strcmp, _fstrcmp, wcscmp, _mbscmp, _fmbscmp
strcmpi, wcscmpi
strcoll, wcscoll, _mbscoll
strcpy, _fstrcpy, wcscpy, _mbscpy, _fmbscpy
strcpy_s, wcscpy_s
strcspn, _fstrcspn, wcscspn, _mbscspn, _fmbscspn
_strdate, _wstrdate
strdup, _strdup, _fstrdup, wcsdup, _wcsdup, _mbsdup, _fmbsdup
Stream I/O Functions
The strerror Function
strerror, _wcserror
strerror_s, _wcserror_s
strerrorlen_s, _wcserrorlen_s
strftime, wcsftime, _wstrftime_ms
_stricmp, _fstricmp, _wcsicmp, _mbsicmp, _fmbsicmp, stricmp
_stricoll, _wcsicoll, _mbsicoll
String Manipulation Functions
strlcat, wcslcat
strlcpy, wcslcpy
strlen, _fstrlen, wcslen, _mbslen, _fmbslen
_strlwr, _fstrlwr, _wcslwr, _mbslwr, _fmbslwr, strlwr
strncasecmp
strncat, _fstrncat, wcsncat, _mbsncat, _fmbsncat
strncat_s, wcsncat_s
strncmp, _fstrncmp, wcsncmp, _mbsncmp, _fmbsncmp
_strncoll, _wcsncoll, _mbsncoll
strncpy, _fstrncpy, wcsncpy, _mbsncpy, _fmbsncpy
strncpy_s, wcsncpy_s
_strnicmp, _fstrnicmp, _wcsnicmp, _mbsnicmp, _fmbsnicmp, strnicmp
_strnicoll, _wcsnicoll, _mbsnicoll
strnlen_s, wcsnlen_s
_strnset, _fstrnset, _wcsnset, _mbsnset, _fmbsnset, strnset, wcsnset
strpbrk, _fstrpbrk, wcspbrk, _mbspbrk, _fmbspbrk
strrchr, _fstrrchr, wcsrchr, _mbsrchr, _fmbsrchr
_strrev, _fstrrev, _wcsrev, _mbsrev, _fmbsrev, strrev
_strset, _fstrset, _wcsset, _mbsset, _fmbsset, strset
strspn, _fstrspn, wcsspn, _mbsspn, _fmbsspn
strspnp, _fstrspnp
strstr, _fstrstr, wcsstr, _mbsstr, _fmbsstr
_strtime, _wstrtime
strtod, wcstod
strtoimax, wcstoimax
strtok, strtok_r, _fstrtok, _fstrtok_r, wcstok, _mbstok, _mbstok_r, _fmbstok, _fmbstok_r
strtok_s, wcstok_s
strtol, wcstol
strtoll, wcstoll
strtoul, wcstoul
strtoull, wcstoull
strtoumax, wcstoumax
_strupr, _fstrupr, _wcsupr, _mbsupr, _fmbsupr, strupr
strxfrm, wcsxfrm
swab
sysconf
sysinfo
The system Function
system, _wsystem

- T -

tan
tanh
_tell, _telli64, tell
_tempnam, _wtempnam
Terminating Newline Characters
Text Functions
tgamma
time
Time Functions
The Time Zone
timer_create
timer_delete
timer_getoverrun
timer_gettime
timer_settime
tmpfile
tmpfile_s
tmpnam, _wtmpnam
tmpnam_s, _wtmpnam_s
tolower, _tolower, towlower
toupper, _toupper, towupper
towctrans
trunc
Truncation of Text Files
ttyname, ttyname_r
The TZ Environment Variable
tzset

- U -

ulltoa, _ulltoa, _ulltow
ultoa, _ultoa, _ultow
umask, _umask
Underflow of Floating-Point Values
ungetc, ungetwc
ungetch
unlink, _unlink, _wunlink
unlock
_unregisterfonts
unsetenv, _wunsetenv
Utility Functions
utime, _utime, _wutime
utoa, _utoa, _utow

- V -

va_arg
va_end
va_start
Variable-length Argument Lists
_vbprintf, _vbwprintf
vcprintf
vcscanf
vfprintf, vfwprintf
vfprintf_s, vfwprintf_s
vfscanf, vfwscanf
vfscanf_s, vfwscanf_s
vprintf, vwprintf
vprintf_s, vwprintf_s
vscanf, vwscanf
vscanf_s, vwscanf_s
_vsnprintf, _vsnwprintf
vsnprintf, vsnwprintf
vsnprintf_s, vsnwprintf_s
vsprintf, vswprintf
vsprintf_s, vswprintf_s
vsscanf, vswscanf
vsscanf_s, vswscanf_s

- W -

wait
wcrtomb, _fwcrtomb
wcrtomb_s, _fwcrtomb_s
wcsrtombs, _fwcsrtombs
wcsrtombs_s, _fwcsrtombs_s
wcstombs, _fwcstombs
wcstombs_s, _fwcstombs_s
wctob
wctomb, _fwctomb
wctomb_s, _fwctomb_s
wctrans
wctype
Wide Character Manipulation Functions
Wide Character Stream I/O Functions
Wide String Manipulation Functions
_wrapon
write, _write, writev

- Z -

Zero-Length Files

C Library Overview

Classes of Functions

Character Manipulation Functions

These functions deal with single characters.

Wide Character Manipulation Functions

These functions deal with wide characters.

Multibyte Character Manipulation Functions

These functions deal with multibyte characters.

Memory Manipulation Functions

These functions manipulate blocks of memory.

String Manipulation Functions

These functions manipulate strings of characters.  A character string is an array of zero or more adjacent characters followed by a null character ('\0') which marks the end of the string.

Wide String Manipulation Functions

These functions manipulate strings of wide characters.  A wide character string is an array of zero or more adjacent wide characters followed by a null wide character (L'\0') which marks the end of the wide string.

Multibyte String Manipulation Functions

These functions manipulate strings of multibyte characters.  A multibyte character is either a single-byte or double-byte character.  The Chinese, Japanese and Korean character sets are examples of character sets containing both single-byte and double-byte characters.
What determines whether a character is a single-byte or double-byte character is the value of the lead byte in the sequence.   For example, in the Japanese DBCS (double-byte character set), double-byte characters are those in which the first byte falls in the range 0x81 - 0x9F or 0xE0 - 0xFC and the second byte falls in the range 0x40 - 0x7E or 0x80 - 0xFC.  A string of multibyte characters must be scanned from the first byte (index 0) to the last byte (index n) in sequence in order to determine if a particular byte is part of a double-byte character.  For example, suppose that a multibyte character string contains the following byte values.

     
     0x31 0x40 0x41 0x81 0x41 // "1@A.." where .. is a DB char

Among other characters, it contains the letter "A" (the first 0x41) and a double-byte character (0x81 0x41).   The second 0x41 is not the letter "A" and that could only be determined by scanning from left to right starting with the first byte (0x31).

Conversion Functions

These functions convert values from one representation to another.  Numeric values, for example, can be converted to strings.

Memory Allocation Functions

These functions are concerned with allocating and deallocating memory.

Heap Functions

These functions provide the ability to shrink and grow the heap, as well as, find heap related problems.

Math Functions

The mathematical functions perform mathematical computations such as the common trigonometric calculations.  These functions operate on double values, also known as floating-point values.

Searching Functions

These functions provide searching and sorting capabilities.

Time Functions

These functions provide facilities to obtain and manipulate times and dates.

Variable-length Argument Lists

These functions provide the capability to process a variable number of arguments to a function.

Stream I/O Functions

These functions provide the "standard" functions to read and write files.  Data can be transmitted as characters, strings, blocks of memory or under format control.

Wide Character Stream I/O Functions

These functions provide the "standard" functions to read and write files of wide characters.  Data can be transmitted as wide characters, wide character strings, blocks of memory or under format control.

Process Primitive Functions

These functions deal with process creation, execution and termination, signal handling, and timer operations.

Process Environment

These functions deal with process identification, user identification, process groups, system identification, system time and process time, environment variables, terminal identification, and configurable system variables.

Directory Functions

These functions provide directory services.

Operating System I/O Functions

These "non-standard" file operations are more primitive than the "standard" functions in that they are directly interfaced to the operating system.  They are included to provide compatibility with other C implementations and to provide the capability to directly use operating-system file operations.

File Manipulation Functions

These functions operate directly on files, providing facilities such as deletion of files.

Console I/O Functions

These functions provide the capability to directly read and write characters from the console.

Default Windowing Functions

These functions provide the capability to manipulate various dialog boxes in Open Watcom's default windowing system.

BIOS Functions

This set of functions allows access to services provided by the BIOS.

DOS-Specific Functions

This set of functions allows access to DOS-specific functions.

Intel 80x86 Architecture-Specific Functions

This set of functions allows access to Intel 80x86 processor-related functions.

Intel Pentium Multimedia Extension Functions

This set of functions allows access to Intel Architecture Multimedia Extensions (MMX).

Miscellaneous Functions

This collection consists of the remaining functions.

DOS LFN aware Functions

These functions are DOS LFN capable.

Character Manipulation Functions

isalnum

test for letter or digit

isalpha

test for letter

isascii

test for ASCII character

isblank

test for blank character

iscntrl

test for control character

__iscsym

test for letter, underscore or digit

__iscsymf

test for letter or underscore

isdigit

test for digit

isgraph

test for printable character, except space

islower

test for letter in lowercase

isprint

test for printable character, including space

ispunct

test for punctuation characters

isspace

test for "white space" characters

isupper

test for letter in uppercase

isxdigit

test for hexadecimal digit

tolower

convert character to lowercase

toupper

convert character to uppercase

Wide Character Manipulation Functions

iswalnum

test for letter or digit

iswalpha

test for letter

iswascii

test for ASCII character

iswblank

test for blank character

iswcntrl

test for control character

__iswcsym

test for letter, underscore or digit

__iswcsymf

test for letter or underscore

iswdigit

test for digit

iswgraph

test for printable character, except space

iswlower

test for letter in lowercase

iswprint

test for printable character, including space

iswpunct

test for punctuation characters

iswspace

test for "white space" characters

iswupper

test for letter in uppercase

iswxdigit

test for hexadecimal digit

wctype

construct a property value for a given "property"

iswctype

test a character for a specific property

towlower

convert character to lowercase

towupper

convert character to uppercase

wctrans

construct mapping value for a given "property"

towctrans

convert a character based on a specific property

Multibyte Character Manipulation Functions

_fmbccmp

compare one multibyte character with another

_fmbccpy

copy one multibyte character from one string to another

_fmbcicmp

compare one multibyte character with another (case insensitive)

_fmbclen

return number of bytes comprising multibyte character

_fmblen

determine length of next multibyte character

_fmbgetcode

get next single-byte or double-byte character from far string

_fmbputchar

store single-byte or double-byte character into far string

_fmbrlen

determine length of next multibyte character

_fmbrtowc

convert far multibyte character to wide character

_fmbsbtype

return type of byte in multibyte character string

_fmbtowc

convert far multibyte character to wide character

_ismbbalnum

test for isalnum or _ismbbkalnum

_ismbbalpha

test for isalpha or _ismbbkalpha

_ismbbgraph

test for isgraph or _ismbbkprint

_ismbbkalnum

test for non-ASCII text symbol other than punctuation

_ismbbkana

test for single-byte Katakana character

_ismbbkalpha

test for non-ASCII text symbol other than digits or punctuation

_ismbbkprint

test for non-ASCII text or non-ASCII punctuation symbol

_ismbbkpunct

test for non-ASCII punctuation character

_ismbblead

test for valid first byte of multibyte character

_ismbbprint

test for isprint or _ismbbkprint

_ismbbpunct

test for ispunct or _ismbbkpunct

_ismbbtrail

test for valid second byte of multibyte character

_ismbcalnum

test for _ismbcalpha or _ismbcdigit

_ismbcalpha

test for a multibyte alphabetic character

_ismbccntrl

test for a multibyte control character

_ismbcdigit

test for a multibyte decimal-digit character '0' through '9'

_ismbcgraph

test for a printable multibyte character except space

_ismbchira

test for a double-byte Hiragana character

_ismbckata

test for a double-byte Katakana character

_ismbcl0

test for a double-byte non-Kanji character

_ismbcl1

test for a JIS level 1 double-byte character

_ismbcl2

test for a JIS level 2 double-byte character

_ismbclegal

test for a valid multibyte character

_ismbclower

test for a valid lowercase multibyte character

_ismbcprint

test for a printable multibyte character including space

_ismbcpunct

test for any multibyte punctuation character

_ismbcspace

test for any multibyte space character

_ismbcsymbol

test for valid multibyte symbol (punctuation and other special graphics)

_ismbcupper

test for valid uppercase multibyte character

_ismbcxdigit

test for any multibyte hexadecimal-digit character

_mbbtombc

return double-byte equivalent to single-byte character

_mbbtype

determine type of byte in multibyte character

_mbccmp

compare one multibyte character with another

_mbccpy

copy one multibyte character from one string to another

_mbcicmp

compare one multibyte character with another (case insensitive)

_mbcjistojms

convert JIS code to shift-JIS code

_mbcjmstojis

convert shift-JIS code to JIS code

_mbclen

return number of bytes comprising multibyte character

_mbctolower

convert double-byte uppercase character to double-byte lowercase character

_mbctoupper

convert double-byte lowercase character to double-byte uppercase character

_mbctohira

convert double-byte Katakana character to Hiragana character

_mbctokata

convert double-byte Hiragana character to Katakana character

_mbctombb

return single-byte equivalent to double-byte character

_mbgetcode

get next single-byte or double-byte character from string

mblen

determine length of next multibyte character

_mbputchar

store single-byte or double-byte character into string

mbrlen

determine length of next multibyte character

mbrtowc

convert multibyte character to wide character

_mbsbtype

return type of byte in multibyte character string

mbsinit

determine if mbstate_t object describes an initial conversion state

mbtowc

convert multibyte character to wide character

Memory Manipulation Functions

_fmemccpy

copy far memory block up to a certain character

_fmemchr

search far memory block for a character value

_fmemcmp

compare any two memory blocks (near or far)

_fmemcpy

copy far memory block, overlap not allowed

_fmemicmp

compare far memory, case insensitive

_fmemmove

copy far memory block, overlap allowed

_fmemset

set any memory block (near of far) to a character

memccpy

copy memory block up to a certain character

memchr

search memory block for a character value

memcmp

compare memory blocks

memcpy

copy memory block, overlap not allowed

_memicmp

compare memory, case insensitive

memmove

copy memory block, overlap allowed

memset

set memory block to a character

movedata

copy memory block, with segment information

swab

swap bytes of a memory block

wmemchr

search memory block for a wide character value

wmemcmp

compare memory blocks

wmemcpy

copy memory block, overlap not allowed

wmemmove

copy memory block, overlap allowed

wmemset

set memory block to a wide character

String Manipulation Functions

bcmp

** deprecated ** compare two byte strings

bcopy

** deprecated ** copy a byte string

_bprintf

formatted transmission to fixed-length string

bzero

** deprecated ** zero a byte string

_fstrcat

concatenate two far strings

_fstrchr

locate character in far string

_fstrcmp

compare two far strings

_fstrcpy

copy far string

_fstrcspn

get number of string characters not from a set of characters

_fstricmp

compare two far strings with case insensitivity

_fstrlen

length of a far string

_fstrlwr

convert far string to lowercase

_fstrncat

concatenate two far strings, up to a maximum length

_fstrncmp

compare two far strings up to maximum length

_fstrncpy

copy a far string, up to a maximum length

_fstrnicmp

compare two far strings with case insensitivity up to a maximum length

_fstrnset

fill far string with character to a maximum length

_fstrpbrk

locate occurrence of a string within a second string

_fstrrchr

locate last occurrence of character from a character set

_fstrrev

reverse a far string in place

_fstrset

fill far string with a character

_fstrspn

find number of characters at start of string which are also in a second string

_fstrstr

find first occurrence of string in second string

_fstrtok

get next token from a far string

_fstrupr

convert far string to uppercase

sprintf

formatted transmission to string

sscanf

scan from string under format control

strcat

concatenate string

strchr

locate character in string

strcmp

compare two strings

strcmpi

** deprecated ** compare two strings with case insensitivity

strcoll

compare two strings using "locale" collating sequence

strcpy

copy a string

strcspn

get number of string characters not from a set of characters

_strdec

returns pointer to the previous character in string

strdup

allocate and duplicate a string

strerror

get error message as string

_stricmp

compare two strings with case insensitivity

_strinc

return pointer to next character in string

strlcat

concatenate string into a bounded buffer

strlcpy

copy string into a bounded buffer

strlen

string length

_strlwr

convert string to lowercase

strncat

concatenate two strings, up to a maximum length

strncmp

compare two strings up to maximum length

_strncnt

count the number of characters in the first "n" bytes

strncpy

copy a string, up to a maximum length

_strnextc

return integer value of the next character in string

_strnicmp

compare two strings with case insensitivity up to a maximum length

_strninc

increment character pointer by "n" characters

_strnset

fill string with character to a maximum length

strpbrk

locate occurrence of a string within a second string

strrchr

locate last occurrence of character from a character set

_strrev

reverse a string in place

_strset

fill string with a character

strspn

find number of characters at start of string which are also in a second string

_strspnp

return pointer to first character of string not in set

strstr

find first occurrence of string in second string

strtok

get next token from string

_strupr

convert string to uppercase

strxfrm

transform string to locale's collating sequence

_vbprintf

same as "_bprintf" but with variable arguments

vsscanf

same as "sscanf" but with variable arguments

Wide String Manipulation Functions

_bwprintf

formatted wide character transmission to fixed-length wcsing

swprintf

formatted wide character transmission to string

swscanf

scan from wide character string under format control

_vbwprintf

same as "_bwprintf" but with variable arguments

vswscanf

same as "swscanf" but with variable arguments

wcscat

concatenate string

wcschr

locate character in string

wcscmp

compare two strings

wcscmpi

** deprecated ** compare two strings with case insensitivity

wcscoll

compare two strings using "locale" collating sequence

wcscpy

copy a string

wcscspn

get number of string characters not from a set of characters

_wcsdec

returns pointer to the previous character in string

wcsdup

allocate and duplicate a string

_wcserror

get error message as string

_wcsicmp

compare two strings with case insensitivity

_wcsinc

return pointer to next character in string

wcslcat

concatenate string into a bounded buffer

wcslcpy

copy string into a bounded buffer

wcslen

string length

_wcslwr

convert string to lowercase

wcsncat

concatenate two strings, up to a maximum length

wcsncmp

compare two strings up to maximum length

_wcsncnt

count the number of characters in the first "n" bytes

wcsncpy

copy a string, up to a maximum length

_wcsnextc

return integer value of the next multi-byte character in string

_wcsnicmp

compare two strings with case insensitivity up to a maximum length

_wcsninc

increment wide character pointer by "n" characters

_wcsnset

fill string with character to a maximum length

wcspbrk

locate occurrence of a string within a second string

wcsrchr

locate last occurrence of character from a character set

_wcsrev

reverse a string in place

_wcsset

fill string with a character

wcsspn

find number of characters at start of string which are also in a second string

_wcsspnp

return pointer to first character of string not in set

wcsstr

find first occurrence of string in second string

wcstok

get next token from string

_wcsupr

convert string to uppercase

wcsxfrm

transform string to locale's collating sequence

Multibyte String Manipulation Functions

btowc

return wide character version of single-byte character

_fmbscat

concatenate two far strings

_fmbschr

locate character in far string

_fmbscmp

compare two far strings

_fmbscpy

copy far string

_fmbscspn

get number of string characters not from a set of characters

_fmbsdec

returns far pointer to the previous character in far string

_fmbsdup

allocate and duplicate a far string

_fmbsicmp

compare two far strings with case insensitivity

_fmbsinc

return far pointer to next character in far string

_fmbslen

length of a far string

_fmbslwr

convert far string to lowercase

_fmbsnbcat

append up to "n" bytes of string to another string

_fmbsnbcmp

compare up to "n" bytes in two strings

_fmbsnbcnt

count the number of characters in the first "n" bytes

_fmbsnbcpy

copy up to "n" bytes of a string

_fmbsnbicmp

compare up to "n" bytes in two strings with case insensitivity

_fmbsnbset

fill string with up to "n" bytes

_fmbsncat

concatenate two far strings, up to a maximum length

_fmbsnccnt

count the number of characters in the first "n" bytes

_fmbsncmp

compare two far strings up to maximum length

_fmbsncpy

copy a far string, up to a maximum length

_fmbsnextc

return integer value of the next multi-byte character in far string

_fmbsnicmp

compare two far strings with case insensitivity up to a maximum length

_fmbsninc

increment wide character far pointer by "n" characters

_fmbsnset

fill far string with character to a maximum length

_fmbspbrk

locate occurrence of a string within a second string

_fmbsrchr

locate last occurrence of character from a character set

_fmbsrev

reverse a far string in place

_fmbsrtowcs

convert multibyte character string to wide character string

_fmbsset

fill far string with a character

_fmbsspn

find number of characters at start of string which are also in a second string

_fmbsspnp

return far pointer to first character of far string not in set

_fmbsstr

find first occurrence of string in second string

_fmbstok

get next token from a far string

_fmbstowcs

convert multibyte character string to wide character string

_fmbsupr

convert far string to uppercase

_fmbterm

determine if next multibyte character in string is null

_fmbvtop

store multibyte character into far string

_fwcrtomb

convert wide character to multibyte character and store

_fwcsrtombs

convert far wide character string to far multibyte character string

_fwcstombs

convert far wide character string to far multibyte character string

_fwctomb

convert wide character to multibyte character

_mbscat

concatenate string

_mbschr

locate character in string

_mbscmp

compare two strings

_mbscoll

compare two strings using "locale" collating sequence

_mbscpy

copy a string

_mbscspn

get number of string characters not from a set of characters

_mbsdec

returns pointer to the previous character in string

_mbsdup

allocate and duplicate a string

_mbsicmp

compare two strings with case insensitivity

_mbsinc

return pointer to next character in string

mbsinit

determine if mbstate_t object describes an initial conversion state

_mbslen

string length

_mbslwr

convert string to lowercase

_mbsnbcat

append up to "n" bytes of string to another string

_mbsnbcmp

compare up to "n" bytes in two strings

_mbsnbcnt

count the number of characters in the first "n" bytes

_mbsnbcpy

copy up to "n" bytes of a string

_mbsnbicmp

compare up to "n" bytes in two strings with case insensitivity

_mbsnbset

fill string with up to "n" bytes

_mbsncat

concatenate two strings, up to a maximum length

_mbsnccnt

count the number of characters in the first "n" bytes

_mbsncmp

compare two strings up to maximum length

_mbsncpy

copy a string, up to a maximum length

_mbsnextc

return integer value of the next multi-byte character in string

_mbsnicmp

compare two strings with case insensitivity up to a maximum length

_mbsninc

increment wide character pointer by "n" characters

_mbsnset

fill string with up to "n" multibyte characters

_mbspbrk

locate occurrence of a string within a second string

_mbsrchr

locate last occurrence of character from a character set

_mbsrev

reverse a string in place

mbsrtowcs

convert multibyte character string to wide character string

_mbsset

fill string with a character

_mbsspn

find number of characters at start of string which are also in a second string

_mbsspnp

return pointer to first character of string not in set

_mbsstr

find first occurrence of string in second string

_mbstok

get next token from string

mbstowcs

convert multibyte character string to wide character string

_mbsupr

convert string to uppercase

_mbterm

determine if next multibyte character in string is null

_mbvtop

store multibyte character into string

wcrtomb

convert wide character to multibyte character and store

wcsrtombs

convert wide character string to multibyte character string

wcstombs

convert wide character string to multibyte character string

wctob

return single-byte character version of wide character

wctomb

convert wide character to multibyte character

Conversion Functions

atof

string to "double"

atoi

string to "int"

atol

string to "long int"

atoll

string to "long long int"

ecvt

"double" to E-format string

fcvt

"double" to F-format string

gcvt

"double" to string

itoa

"int" to string

lltoa

"long long int" to string

ltoa

"long int" to string

strtod

string to "double"

strtol

string to "long int"

strtoll

string to "long long int"

strtoul

string to "unsigned long int"

strtoull

string to "unsigned long long int"

ulltoa

"unsigned long long int" to string

ultoa

"unsigned long int" to string

utoa

"unsigned int" to string

_itow

"int" to wide character string

_lltow

"long long int" to wide character string

_ltow

"long int" to wide character string

_ulltow

"unsigned long long int" to wide character string

_ultow

"unsigned long int" to wide character string

_utow

"unsigned int" to wide character string

wcstod

wide character string to "double"

wcstol

wide character string to "long int"

wcstoll

wide character string to "long long int"

wcstoul

wide character string to "unsigned long int"

wcstoull

wide character string to "unsigned long long int"

_wtof

wide character string to "double"

_wtoi

wide character string to "int"

_wtol

wide character string to "long int"

_wtoll

wide character string to "long long int"

Memory Allocation Functions

alloca

allocate auto storage from stack

_bcalloc

allocate and zero memory from a based heap

_bexpand

expand a block of memory in a based heap

_bfree

free a block of memory in a based heap

_bfreeseg

free a based heap

_bheapseg

allocate a based heap

_bmalloc

allocate a memory block from a based heap

_bmsize

return the size of a memory block

_brealloc

re-allocate a memory block in a based heap

brk

set allocation "break" position

calloc

allocate and zero memory

_expand

expand a block of memory

_fcalloc

allocate and zero a memory block (outside default data segment)

_fexpand

expand a block of memory (outside default data segment)

_ffree

free a block allocated using "_fmalloc"

_fmalloc

allocate a memory block (outside default data segment)

_fmsize

return the size of a memory block

_frealloc

re-allocate a memory block (outside default data segment)

free

free a block allocated using "malloc", "calloc" or "realloc"

_freect

return number of objects that can be allocated

halloc

allocate huge array

hfree

free huge array

malloc

allocate a memory block (using current memory model)

_memavl

return amount of available memory

_memmax

return largest block of memory available

_msize

return the size of a memory block

_ncalloc

allocate and zero a memory block (inside default data segment)

_nexpand

expand a block of memory (inside default data segment)

_nfree

free a block allocated using "_nmalloc"

_nmalloc

allocate a memory block (inside default data segment)

_nmsize

return the size of a memory block

_nrealloc

re-allocate a memory block (inside default data segment)

realloc

re-allocate a block of memory

sbrk

set allocation "break" position

stackavail

determine available amount of stack space

Heap Functions

_heapchk

perform consistency check on the heap

_bheapchk

perform consistency check on a based heap

_fheapchk

perform consistency check on the far heap

_nheapchk

perform consistency check on the near heap

_heapgrow

grow the heap

_fheapgrow

grow the far heap

_nheapgrow

grow the near heap up to its limit of 64K

_heapmin

shrink the heap as small as possible

_bheapmin

shrink a based heap as small as possible

_fheapmin

shrink the far heap as small as possible

_nheapmin

shrink the near heap as small as possible

_heapset

fill unallocated sections of heap with pattern

_bheapset

fill unallocated sections of based heap with pattern

_fheapset

fill unallocated sections of far heap with pattern

_nheapset

fill unallocated sections of near heap with pattern

_heapshrink

shrink the heap as small as possible

_fheapshrink

shrink the far heap as small as possible

_bheapshrink

shrink a based heap as small as possible

_nheapshrink

shrink the near heap as small as possible

_heapwalk

walk through each entry in the heap

_bheapwalk

walk through each entry in a based heap

_fheapwalk

walk through each entry in the far heap

_nheapwalk

walk through each entry in the near heap

Math Functions

abs

absolute value of an object of type "int"

acos

arccosine

acosh

inverse hyperbolic cosine

asin

arcsine

asinh

inverse hyperbolic sine

atan

arctangent of one argument

atan2

arctangent of two arguments

atanh

inverse hyperbolic tangent

Bessel Functions

bessel functions j0, j1, jn, y0, y1, and yn

cabs

absolute value of complex number

cbrt

cubed root of a number

ceil

ceiling function

_clear87

clears floating-point status

_control87

sets new floating-point control word

copysign

copies the sign of one number to another

cos

cosine

cosh

hyperbolic cosine

div

compute quotient, remainder from division of an "int" object

erf

computes the error function

erfc

computes the complementary error function

exp

exponential function

exp2

two raised to a value

expm1

exponential of a number minus one

fabs

absolute value of "double"

fdim

positive difference of two numbers

_finite

determines whether floating-point value is valid

floor

floor function

fma

fused multiply-add

fmax

returns larger of two numbers

fmin

returns smaller of two numbers

fmod

modulus function

_fpreset

initializes for floating-point operations

frexp

fractional exponent

hypot

compute hypotenuse

ilogb

retrieve the exponent of a "double"

imaxabs

get quotient, remainder from division of object of maximum-size integer type

imaxdiv

absolute value of an object of maximum-size integer type

j0

return Bessel functions of the first kind (described under Bessel Functions )

j1

return Bessel functions of the first kind (described under Bessel Functions )

jn

return Bessel functions of the first kind (described under Bessel Functions )

labs

absolute value of an object of type "long int"

ldexp

multiply by a power of two

ldiv

get quotient, remainder from division of object of type "long int"

lgamma

natural logarithm of the absolute value of the Gamma function

lgamma_r

natural logarithm of the absolute value of the Gamma function (thread-safe)

log

natural logarithm

log10

logarithm, base 10

log1p

natural logarithm of one plus the argument

log2

logarithm, base 2

logb

retrieve the exponent of a "double"

matherr

handles error from math functions

max

return maximum of two arguments

min

return minimum of two arguments

modf

get integral, fractional parts of "double"

nearbyint

returns nearest integer based on rounding mode

nextafter

returns next machine-representable floating point value

pow

raise to power

rand

random integer

remainder

retrieves the remainder of a division operation

rint

returns nearest integer based on rounding mode

round

rounds to the nearest integer

scalbn

compute a "double" times two raised to a power

_set_matherr

specify a math error handler

sin

sine

sinh

hyperbolic sine

sqrt

square root

srand

set starting point for generation of random numbers using "rand" function

_status87

gets floating-point status

tan

tangent

tanh

hyperbolic tangent

tgamma

compute the Gamma function

trunc

truncate a floating point value

y0

return Bessel functions of the second kind (described under Bessel Functions )

y1

return Bessel functions of the second kind (described under Bessel Functions )

yn

return Bessel functions of the second kind (described under Bessel Functions )

Searching Functions

bsearch

find a data item in an array using binary search

lfind

find a data item in an array using linear search

lsearch

linear search array, add item if not found

qsort

sort an array

Time Functions

asctime

makes time string from time structure

_asctime

makes time string from time structure

_wasctime

makes time string from time structure

__wasctime

makes time string from time structure

clock

gets time since program start

ctime

gets calendar time string

_ctime

gets calendar time string

_wctime

gets calendar time string

__wctime

gets calendar time string

difftime

calculate difference between two times

ftime

returns the current time in a "timeb" structure

gmtime

convert calendar time to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

_gmtime

convert calendar time to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

localtime

convert calendar time to local time

_localtime

convert calendar time to local time

mktime

make calendar time from local time

_strdate

return date in buffer

strftime

format date and time

wcsftime

format date and time

_wstrftime_ms

format date and time

_strtime

return time in buffer

_wstrtime

return time in buffer

time

get current calendar time

tzset

set global variables to reflect the local time zone

_wstrdate

return date in buffer

Variable-length Argument Lists

va_arg

get next variable argument

va_end

complete access of variable arguments

va_start

start access of variable arguments

Stream I/O Functions

binary

Data is transmitted unchanged.

text

On input, carriage-return characters are removed before following linefeed characters.  On output, carriage-return characters are inserted before linefeed characters.

stdin

Standard Input:  input from the console

stdout

Standard Output:  output to the console

stderr

Standard Error:  output to the console (used for error messages)

stdaux

Standard Auxiliary:  auxiliary port, available for use by a program (not available in some Windows platforms)

stdprn

Standard Printer:  available for use by a program (not available in some Windows platforms)

clearerr

clear end-of-file and error indicators for stream

fclose

close stream

fcloseall

close all open streams

fdopen

open stream, given handle

feof

test for end of file

ferror

test for file error

fflush

flush output buffer

fgetc

get next character from file

_fgetchar

equivalent to "fgetc" with the argument "stdin"

fgetpos

get current file position

fgets

get a string

_flushall

flush output buffers for all streams

fopen

open a stream

fprintf

format output

fputc

write a character

_fputchar

write a character to the "stdout" stream

fputs

write a string

fread

read a number of objects

freopen

re-opens a stream

fscanf

scan input according to format

fseek

set current file position, relative

fsetpos

set current file position, absolute

_fsopen

open a shared stream

ftell

get current file position

fwrite

write a number of objects

getc

read character

getchar

get next character from "stdin"

gets

get string from "stdin"

_getw

read int from stream file

perror

write error message to "stderr" stream

printf

format output to "stdout"

putc

write character to file

putchar

write character to "stdout"

puts

write string to "stdout"

_putw

write int to stream file

rewind

position to start of file

scanf

scan input from "stdin" under format control

setbuf

set buffer

setvbuf

set buffering

tmpfile

create temporary file

ungetc

push character back on input stream

vfprintf

same as "fprintf" but with variable arguments

vfscanf

same as "fscanf" but with variable arguments

vprintf

same as "printf" but with variable arguments

vscanf

same as "scanf" but with variable arguments

Wide Character Stream I/O Functions

fgetwc

get next wide character from file

_fgetwchar

equivalent to "fgetwc" with the argument "stdin"

fgetws

get a wide character string

fprintf

"C" and "S" extensions to the format specifier

fputwc

write a wide character

_fputwchar

write a character to the "stdout" stream

fputws

write a wide character string

fscanf

"C" and "S" extensions to the format specifier

fwprintf

formatted wide character output

fwscanf

scan wide character input according to format

getwc

read wide character

getwchar

get next wide character from "stdin"

_getws

get wide character string from "stdin"

putwc

write wide character to file

putwchar

write wide character to "stdout"

_putws

write wide character string to "stdout"

ungetwc

push wide character back on input stream

vfwprintf

same as "fwprintf" but with variable arguments

vfwscanf

same as "fwscanf" but with variable arguments

vswprintf

same as "swprintf" but with variable arguments

vwprintf

same as "wprintf" but with variable arguments

vwscanf

same as "wscanf" but with variable arguments

_wfdopen

open stream, given handle using a wide character "mode"

_wfopen

open a stream using wide character arguments

_wfreopen

re-opens a stream using wide character arguments

_wfsopen

open a shared stream using wide character arguments

_wperror

write error message to "stderr" stream

wprintf

format wide character output to "stdout"

wscanf

scan wide character input from "stdin" under format control

Process Primitive Functions

• P_OVERLAY is specified with the spawn... functions
• the exec... routines are invoked

• P_WAIT is specified with the spawn... functions
• system is used

abort

immediate termination of process, return code 3

alarm

send calling process SIGALRM signal after specified time

atexit

register exit routine

_beginthread

start a new thread of execution

cwait

wait for a child process to terminate

_cwait

wait for a child process to terminate

delay

delay for number of milliseconds

_endthread

end the current thread

execl

chain to program

_execl

chain to program

execle

chain to program, pass environment

_execle

chain to program, pass environment

execlp

chain to program

_execlp

chain to program

execlpe

chain to program, pass environment

_execlpe

chain to program, pass environment

execv

chain to program

_execv

chain to program

execve

chain to program, pass environment

_execve

chain to program, pass environment

execvp

chain to program

_execvp

chain to program

execvpe

chain to program, pass environment

_execvpe

chain to program, pass environment

exit

exit process, set return code

_Exit

exit process, set return code

_exit

exit process, set return code

fork

create a new process

kill

send a signal to specified process

_onexit

register exit routine

pause

suspend calling process until signal

raise

signal an exceptional condition

sigaction

examine or specify action for specific signal

sigaddset

add specified signal to set

sigdelset

delete specified signal from set

sigemptyset

initialize signal set to exclude certain signals

sigfillset

initialize signal set to include certain signals

sigismember

test whether signal is a member of a set

signal

set handling for exceptional condition

sigpending

store set of pending signals

sigprocmask

examine or change process's signal mask

sigsuspend

replace process's signal mask and then suspend process

sleep

delay for number of seconds

spawnl

create process

_spawnl

create process

spawnle

create process, set environment

_spawnle

create process, set environment

spawnlp

create process

_spawnlp

create process

spawnlpe

create process, set environment

_spawnlpe

create process, set environment

spawnv

create process

_spawnv

create process

spawnve

create process, set environment

_spawnve

create process, set environment

spawnvp

create process

_spawnvp

create process

spawnvpe

create process, set environment

_spawnvpe

create process, set environment

system

execute system command

wait

wait for any child process to terminate

waitpid

wait for a child process to terminate

_wexecl

chain to program

_wexecle

chain to program, pass environment

_wexeclp

chain to program

_wexeclpe

chain to program, pass environment

_wexecv

chain to program

_wexecve

chain to program, pass environment

_wexecvp

chain to program

_wexecvpe

chain to program, pass environment

_wspawnl

create process

_wspawnle

create process, set environment

_wspawnlp

create process

_wspawnlpe

create process, set environment

_wspawnv

create process

_wspawnve

create process, set environment

_wspawnvp

create process

_wspawnvpe

create process, set environment

_wsystem

execute system command

• "l" or "v" (one is required) to indicate the way the process parameters are passed
• "p" (optional) to indicate whether the PATH environment variable is searched to locate the program for the process
• "e" (optional) to indicate that the environment variables are being passed

Process Environment

_bgetcmd

get command line

clearenv

delete environment variables

confstr

get configuration-defined string values

ctermid

return name of controlling terminal

cuserid

generate login name of process owner

getcmd

get command line

getegid

get effective group ID of calling process

getenv

get environment variable value

geteuid

get effective user ID

getgid

get real group ID of calling process

getgroups

get supplementary group IDs

getlogin

get user's login name

getnid

get netword ID

getpgrp

get process group ID of calling process

getpid

get process ID of calling process

_getpid

get process ID of calling process

getppid

get parent process ID of calling process

gettid

get thread ID of current thread

getuid

get real user ID

isatty

determine if file descriptor associated with a terminal

putenv

add, change or delete environment variable

_searchenv

search for a file in list of directories

searchenv

search for a file in list of directories

setegid

set the effective group ID

setenv

add, change or delete environment variable

seteuid

set the effective user ID

setgid

set real group ID, effective group ID

setpgid

set process group ID for job control

setsid

create a new session and set process group ID

setuid

set real user ID, effective user ID

sysconf

determine value of configurable system limit or option

times

return time-accounting information

ttyname

return pointer to string containing pathname of terminal associated with file descriptor argument

uname

return operating system identification

unsetenv

delete environment variable

_wgetenv

get environment variable value

_wputenv

add, change or delete environment variable

_wsearchenv

search for a file in list of directories

_wsetenv

add, change or delete environment variable

_wunsetenv

delete environment variable

Directory Functions

chdir

change current working directory

closedir

close opened directory file

getcwd

get current working directory

_getdcwd

get current directory on drive

mkdir

make a new directory

opendir

open directory file

readdir

read file name from directory

rewinddir

reset position of directory stream

rmdir

remove a directory

_wchdir

change current working directory

_wclosedir

close opened directory file

_wgetcwd

get current working directory

_wgetdcwd

get current directory on drive

_wmkdir

make a new directory

_wopendir

open directory file

_wreaddir

read file name from directory

_wrewinddir

reset position of directory stream

_wrmdir

remove a directory

Operating System I/O Functions

_chsize

change the size of a file

close

close file

_commit

commit changes to disk

creat

create a file

dup

duplicate file handle, get unused handle number

dup2

duplicate file handle, supply new handle number

_eof

test for end of file

fcntl

control over an open file

fdatasync

write queued file data to disk

_filelength

get file size

fileno

get file handle for stream file

fstat

get file status

fsync

write queued file and filesystem data to disk

_hdopen

get POSIX handle from OS handle

link

create new directory entry

lock

lock a section of a file

locking

lock/unlock a section of a file

lseek

set current file position

ltrunc

truncate a file

mkfifo

make a FIFO special file

mknod

make a filesystem entry point

mount

mount a filesystem

open

open a file

_os_handle

get OS handle from POSIX handle

_pclose

close a pipe

pclose

close a pipe

pipe

create an inter-process channel

_popen

open a pipe

popen

open a pipe

read

read a record

readlink

read a symbolic link

readv

read several records placing them into a specified number of buffers

select

synchronous I/O multiplexing

_setmode

set file mode

_sopen

open a file for shared access

symlink

create a symbolic link

sync

sync the filesystem

_tell

get current file position

umask

set file permission mask

umount

unmount a filesystem

unlink

delete a file

unlock

unlock a section of a file

write

write a record

writev

write several records from a specified number of buffers

_wcreat

create a file

_wopen

open a file

_wpopen

open a pipe

_wsopen

open a file for shared access

_wunlink

delete a file

File Manipulation Functions

access

test file or directory for mode of access

chmod

change permissions for a file

chown

change owner user ID and group ID of the specified file

fchmod

change the permissions for the file associated with the specified file descriptor to the specified mode

fchown

change the user ID and group ID of the file associated with the specified file descriptor to the specified numeric values

fpathconf

determine value of configurable limit associated with a file or directory

lstat

get file status

pathconf

determine value of configurable limit associated with a file or directory

remove

delete a file

rename

rename a file

stat

get file status

tmpnam

create name for temporary file

utime

set modification time for a file

_waccess

test file or directory for mode of access

_wchmod

change permissions for a file

_wremove

delete a file

_wrename

rename a file

_wstat

get file status

_wtmpnam

create name for temporary file

_wutime

set modification time for a file

Console I/O Functions

cgets

get a string from the console

cprintf

print formatted string to the console

cputs

write a string to the console

cscanf

scan formatted data from the console

getch

get character from console, no echo

getche

get character from console, echo it

kbhit

test if keystroke available

putch

write a character to the console

ungetch

push back next character from console

Default Windowing Functions

_dwDeleteOnClose

delete console window upon close

_dwSetAboutDlg

set about dialogue box title and contents

_dwSetAppTitle

set main window's application title

_dwSetConTitle

set console window's title

_dwShutDown

shut down default windowing system

_dwYield

yield control to other processes

BIOS Functions

_bios_disk

provide disk access functions

_bios_equiplist

determine equipment list

_bios_keybrd

provide low-level keyboard access

_bios_memsize

determine amount of system board memory

_bios_printer

provide access to printer services

_bios_serialcom

provide access to serial services

_bios_timeofday

get and set system clock

DOS-Specific Functions

bdos

DOS call (short form)

dosexterr

extract DOS error information

_dos_allocmem

allocate a block of memory

_dos_close

close a file

_dos_commit

flush buffers to disk

_dos_creat

create a file

_dos_creatnew

create a new file

_dos_findclose

close find file matching

_dos_findfirst

find first file matching a specified pattern

_dos_findnext

find the next file matching a specified pattern

_dos_freemem

free a block of memory

_dos_getdate

get current system date

_dos_getdiskfree

get information about disk

_dos_getdrive

get the current drive

_dos_getfileattr

get file attributes

_dos_getftime

get file's last modification time

_dos_gettime

get the current system time

_dos_getvect

get contents of interrupt vector

_dos_keep

install a terminate-and-stay-resident program

_dos_open

open a file

_dos_read

read data from a file

_dos_setblock

change the size of allocated block

_dos_setdate

change current system date

_dos_setdrive

change the current default drive

_dos_setfileattr

set the attributes of a file

_dos_setftime

set a file's last modification time

_dos_settime

set the current system time

_dos_setvect

set an interrupt vector

_dos_write

write data to a file

intdos

cause DOS interrupt

intdosx

cause DOS interrupt, with segment registers

_wdos_findclose

close find file matching

_wdos_findfirst

find first file matching a specified pattern

_wdos_findnext

find the next file matching a specified pattern

Intel 80x86 Architecture-Specific Functions

_chain_intr

chain to the previous interrupt handler

_disable

disable interrupts

_enable

enable interrupts

FP_OFF

get offset part of far pointer

FP_SEG

get segment part of far pointer

inp

get one byte from hardware port

inpw

get two bytes (one word) from hardware port

int386

cause 386/486/Pentium CPU interrupt

int386x

cause 386/486/Pentium CPU interrupt, with segment registers

int86

cause 8086 CPU interrupt

int86x

cause 8086 CPU interrupt, with segment registers

intr

cause 8086 CPU interrupt, with segment registers

intrf

cause 8086 CPU interrupt, with segment registers and CPU flags

MK_FP

make a far pointer from the segment and offset values

nosound

turn off the speaker

outp

write one byte to hardware port

outpw

write two bytes (one word) to hardware port

segread

read segment registers

sound

turn on the speaker at specified frequency

Intel Pentium Multimedia Extension Functions

_m_empty

empty multimedia state

_m_from_int

form 64-bit MM value from unsigned 32-bit integer value

_m_packssdw

pack and saturate 32-bit double-words from two MM elements into signed 16-bit words

_m_packsswb

pack and saturate 16-bit words from two MM elements into signed bytes

_m_packuswb

pack and saturate signed 16-bit words from two MM elements into unsigned bytes

_m_paddb

add packed bytes

_m_paddd

add packed 32-bit double-words

_m_paddsb

add packed signed bytes with saturation

_m_paddsw

add packed signed 16-bit words with saturation

_m_paddusb

add packed unsigned bytes with saturation

_m_paddusw

add packed unsigned 16-bit words with saturation

_m_paddw

add packed 16-bit words

_m_pand

AND 64 bits of two MM elements

_m_pandn

invert the 64 bits in MM element, then AND 64 bits from second MM element

_m_pcmpeqb

compare packed bytes for equality

_m_pcmpeqd

compare packed 32-bit double-words for equality

_m_pcmpeqw

compare packed 16-bit words for equality

_m_pcmpgtb

compare packed bytes for greater than relationship

_m_pcmpgtd

compare packed 32-bit double-words for greater than relationship

_m_pcmpgtw

compare packed 16-bit words for greater than relationship

_m_pmaddwd

multiply packed 16-bit words, then add 32-bit results pair-wise

_m_pmulhw

multiply the packed 16-bit words of two MM elements, then store high-order 16 bits of results

_m_pmullw

multiply the packed 16-bit words of two MM elements, then store low-order 16 bits of results

_m_por

OR 64 bits of two MM elements

_m_pslld

shift left each 32-bit double-word by amount specified in second MM element

_m_pslldi

shift left each 32-bit double-word by amount specified in constant value

_m_psllq

shift left each 64-bit quad-word by amount specified in second MM element

_m_psllqi

shift left each 64-bit quad-word by amount specified in constant value

_m_psllw

shift left each 16-bit word by amount specified in second MM element

_m_psllwi

shift left each 16-bit word by amount specified in constant value

_m_psrad

shift right (with sign propagation) each 32-bit double-word by amount specified in second MM element

_m_psradi

shift right (with sign propagation) each 32-bit double-word by amount specified in constant value

_m_psraw

shift right (with sign propagation) each 16-bit word by amount specified in second MM element

_m_psrawi

shift right (with sign propagation) each 16-bit word by amount specified in constant value

_m_psrld

shift right (with zero fill) each 32-bit double-word by an amount specified in second MM element

_m_psrldi

shift right (with zero fill) each 32-bit double-word by an amount specified in constant value

_m_psrlq

shift right (with zero fill) each 64-bit quad-word by an amount specified in second MM element

_m_psrlqi

shift right (with zero fill) each 64-bit quad-word by an amount specified in constant value

_m_psrlw

shift right (with zero fill) each 16-bit word by an amount specified in second MM element

_m_psrlwi

shift right (with zero fill) each 16-bit word by an amount specified in constant value

_m_psubb

subtract packed bytes in MM element from second MM element

_m_psubd

subtract packed 32-bit dwords in MM element from second MM element

_m_psubsb

subtract packed signed bytes in MM element from second MM element with saturation

_m_psubsw

subtract packed signed 16-bit words in MM element from second MM element with saturation

_m_psubusb

subtract packed unsigned bytes in MM element from second MM element with saturation

_m_psubusw

subtract packed unsigned 16-bit words in MM element from second MM element with saturation

_m_psubw

subtract packed 16-bit words in MM element from second MM element

_m_punpckhbw

interleave bytes from the high halves of two MM elements

_m_punpckhdq

interleave 32-bit double-words from the high halves of two MM elements

_m_punpckhwd

interleave 16-bit words from the high halves of two MM elements

_m_punpcklbw

interleave bytes from the low halves of two MM elements

_m_punpckldq

interleave 32-bit double-words from the low halves of two MM elements

_m_punpcklwd

interleave 16-bit words from the low halves of two MM elements

_m_pxor

XOR 64 bits from two MM elements

_m_to_int

retrieve low-order 32 bits from MM value

Miscellaneous Functions

assert

test an assertion and output a string upon failure

_fullpath

return full path specification for file

_getmbcp

get current multibyte code page

getopt

a command-line parser that can be used by applications that follow guidelines outlined in the Single UNIX Specification

_harderr

critical error handler

_hardresume

critical error handler resume

localeconv

obtain locale specific conversion information

longjmp

return and restore environment saved by "setjmp"

_lrotl

rotate an "unsigned long" left

_lrotr

rotate an "unsigned long" right

main

the main program (user written)

offsetof

get offset of field in structure

_rotl

rotate an "unsigned int" left

_rotr

rotate an "unsigned int" right

setjmp

save environment for use with "longjmp" function

_makepath

make a full filename from specified components

setlocale

set locale category

_setmbcp

set current multibyte code page

sigsetjmp

save environment and process's signal mask for use with "siglongjmp" function

siglongjmp

return and restore environment and process's signal mask saved by "sigsetjmp"

_splitpath

split a filename into its components

_splitpath2

split a filename into its components

_wfullpath

return full path specification for file

_wmakepath

make a full filename from specified components

_wsetlocale

set locale category

_wsplitpath

split a filename into its components

_wsplitpath2

split a filename into its components

DOS LFN aware Functions

access

test file or directory for mode of access

chdir

change current working directory

chmod

change permissions for a file

creat

create a file

_dos_creat

create a file

_dos_creatnew

create a new file

_dos_findfirst

find first file matching a specified pattern

_dos_getfileattr

get file attributes

_dos_open

open a file

_dos_setfileattr

set the attributes of a file

_findfirst

find first file matching a specified pattern

_fullpath

return full path specification for file

getcwd

get current working directory

_getdcwd

get current directory on drive

lstat

get file status

mkdir

make a new directory

open

open a file

opendir

open directory file

remove

delete a file

rename

rename a file

rmdir

remove a directory

_sopen

open a file for shared access

stat

get file status

tmpnam

create name for temporary file

unlink

delete a file

utime

set modification time for a file

_waccess

test file or directory for mode of access

_wchdir

change current working directory

_wchmod

change permissions for a file

_wcreat

create a file

_wdos_findfirst

find first file matching a specified pattern

_wfindfirst

find first file matching a specified pattern

_wfullpath

return full path specification for file

_wgetcwd

get current working directory

_wgetdcwd

get current directory on drive

_wmkdir

make a new directory

_wopen

open a file

_wopendir

open directory file

_wremove

delete a file

_wrename

rename a file

_wrmdir

remove a directory

_wsopen

open a file for shared access

_wstat

get file status

_wtmpnam

create name for temporary file

_wunlink

delete a file

_wutime

set modification time for a file

Header Files

Header Files in /watcom/h

assert.h

This ISO C90 header file is required when an assert macro is used.  These assertions will be ignored when the identifier NDEBUG is defined. 

bios.h

This header file declares all BIOS related functions. 

conio.h

This header file declares console and Intel 80x86 port input/output functions. 

ctype.h

This ISO C90 header file declares functions that perform character classification and case conversion operations.  Similar functions for wide characters are declared in <wctype.h>. 

direct.h

This header file declares functions related to directories and the type DIR which describes an entry in a directory.  

dos.h

This header file declares functions that interact with DOS and defines the following structures:  _DOSERROR , dosdate_t , dostime_t , find_t , _wfind_t

env.h

This POSIX header file declares environment string functions. 

errno.h

This ISO C90 header file provides the extern declaration for error variable errno and provides the symbolic names for error codes that can be placed in the error variable. 

fcntl.h

This POSIX header file defines the flags used by the open and _sopen functions.  The function declarations for these functions are found in the <io.h> header file. 

fenv.h

This ISO C99 header file defines several types and declares several functions that give access to the floating point environment.   These functions can be used to control status flags and control modes in the floating point processor. 

float.h

This ISO C90 header file declares constants related to floating-point numbers, declarations for low-level floating-point functions, and the declaration of the floating-point exception codes. 

fnmatch.h

This header file declares the pattern matching function fnmatch

graph.h

This header file contains structure definitions and function declarations for the Open Watcom C Graphics library functions.  

i86.h

This header file is used with functions that interact with the Intel architecture.  It defines the structs and unions used to handle the input and output registers for the Intel 80x86 and 80386/80486 interrupt interface routines.  It includes prototypes for the interrupt functions, definitions for the FP_OFF, FP_SEG and MK_FP macros, and definitions for the following structures and unions: 

REGS

describes the CPU registers for Intel 8086 family. 

SREGS

describes the segment registers for the Intel 8086 family. 

REGPACK

describes the CPU registers and segment registers for Intel 8086 family. 

INTPACK

describes the input parameter to an "interrupt" function.

inttypes.h

This ISO C99 header file includes <stdint.h> and expands on it by definition macros for printing and scanning specific sized integer types.  This header also declares several functions for manipulating maximum sized integers.
Note that the format macros are not visible in C++ programs unless the macro __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS is defined.  

io.h

This header file declares functions that perform input/output operations at the operating system level.  These functions use file handles to reference files or devices.  The function fstat is declared in the <sys/stat.h> header file. 

limits.h

This ISO C90 header file contains constant declarations for limits or boundary values for ranges of integers and characters.  

locale.h

This ISO C90 header file contains declarations for the categories (LC...) of locales which can be selected using the setlocale function which is also declared. 

malloc.h

This header file declares the memory allocation and deallocation functions. 

math.h

This ISO/ANSI header file declares the mathematical functions (which operate with floating-point numbers) and the structures:  

exception

describes the exception structure passed to the matherr function; symbolic constants for the types of exceptions are included

complex

declares a complex number

mmintrin.h

This header file declares functions that interact with the Intel Architecture Multimedia Extensions.  It defines the datatype used to store multimedia values: 

__m64

describes the 64-bit multimedia data element.  Note:  the underlying implementation details of this datatype are subject to change.  Other compilers may implement a similar datatype in a different manner.

It also contains prototypes for multimedia functions and pragmas for the in-line generation of code that operates on multimedia registers. 

process.h

This header file declares the spawn... functions, the exec... functions, and the system function.  The file also contains declarations for the constants P_WAIT, P_NOWAIT, P_NOWAITO, and P_OVERLAY. 

search.h

This header file declares the functions lfind and lsearch

setjmp.h

This ISO C90 header file declares the setjmp and longjmp functions. 

share.h

This header file defines constants for shared access to files using the _sopen function. 

signal.h

This ISO C90 header file declares the signal and raise functions. 

stdarg.h

This ISO C90 header file defines the macros which handle variable argument lists. 

stdbool.h

This ISO C99 header file defines the macro bool and the macros true and false for use in C programs.   If this header is included in a C++ program there is no effect.  The C++ reserved words will not be redefined.   However the definition of bool, true, and false used in a C program will be compatible with their C++ counterparts.  In particular, a C function declared as taking a bool parameter and a structure containing a bool member can both be shared between C and C++ without error. 

stddef.h

This ISO C90 header file defines a few popular constants and types including NULL (null pointer), size_t (unsigned size of an object), and ptrdiff_t (difference between two pointers).  It also contains a declaration for the offsetof macro. 

stdint.h

This ISO C99 header file defines numerous type names for integers of various sizes.  Such type names provide a reasonably portable way to refer to integers with a specific number of bits.  This header file also defines macros that describe the minimum and maximum values for these types (similar to the macros in limits.h), and macros for writing integer constants with specific sized types.
Note that in C++ programs the limit macros are not visible unless the macro __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS is defined.   Similarly the constant writing macros are not visible unless the macro __STDC_CONSTANT_MACROS is defined.  

stdio.h

This ISO C90 header file declares the standard input/output functions.  Files, devices and directories are referenced using pointers to objects of the type FILE. 

stdlib.h

This ISO C90 header file declares many standard functions excluding those declared in other header files discussed in this section. 

string.h

This ISO C90 header file declares functions that manipulate strings or blocks of memory. 

time.h

This ISO/ANSI header file declares functions related to times and dates and defines the structure struct tm. 

varargs.h

This UNIX System V header file provides an alternate way of handling variable argument lists.  The equivalent ISO/ANSI header file is <stdarg.h>. 

wchar.h

This ISO C99 header file defines several data types including wchar_t, size_t, mbstate_t (an object that can hold conversion state information necessary to convert between multibyte characters and wide characters), wctype_t (a scalar type that can hold values which represent locale-specific character classification), and wint_t which is an integral type that can hold any wchar_t value as well as WEOF (a character that is not in the set of "wchar_t" characters and that is used to indicate end-of-file on an input stream).   The functions that are declared in this header file are grouped as follows:

• Wide character classification and case conversion.
• Input and output of wide characters, or multibyte characters, or both.
• Wide string numeric conversion.
• Wide string manipulation.
• Wide string data and time conversion.
• Conversion between multibyte and wide character sequences.

wctype.h

This ISO C99 header file declares functions that perform characater classification and case conversion operations on wide characters.  Similar functions for ordinary characters are declared in <ctype.h>.

Header Files in /watcom/h/sys

sys/locking.h

This header file contains the manifest constants used by the locking function. 

sys/stat.h

This POSIX header file contains the declarations pertaining to file status, including definitions for the fstat and stat functions and for the structure: 

stat

describes the information obtained for a directory, file or device

sys/timeb.h

This header file describes the timeb structure used in conjunction with the ftime function.  

sys/types.h

This POSIX header file contains declarations for the types used by system-level calls to obtain file status or time information.  

sys/utime.h

This POSIX header file contains a declaration for the utime function and for the structured type utimbuf used by it.

Global Data

_amblksiz

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This unsigned int data item contains the increment by which the "break" pointer for memory allocation will be advanced when there is no freed block large enough to satisfy a request to allocate a block of memory.  This value may be changed by a program at any time. 

__argc

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This int item contains the number of arguments passed to main. 

__argv

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This char ** item contains a pointer to a vector containing the actual arguments passed to main.  

daylight

Prototype in <time.h>.
This unsigned int has a value of one when daylight saving time is supported in this locale and zero otherwise.   Whenever a time function is called, the tzset function is called to set the value of the variable.   The value will be determined from the value of the TZ environment variable. 

_doserrno

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This int item contains the actual error code returned when a DOS, Windows or OS/2 function fails. 

environ

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This char ** __near data item is a pointer to an array of character pointers to the environment strings.

errno

Prototype in <errno.h>.
This int item contains the number of the last error that was detected.  The run-time library never resets errno to 0.  Symbolic names for these errors are found in the <errno.h> header file.  See the descriptions for the perror and strerror functions for information about the text which describes these errors. 

fltused_

The C compiler places a reference to the fltused_ symbol into any module that uses a floating-point library routine or library routine that requires floating-point support (e.g., the use of a float or double as an argument to the printf function). 

_fmode

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This data item contains the default type of file (text or binary) translation for a file.  It will contain a value of either

O_BINARY

indicates that data is transmitted to and from streams unchanged.

O_TEXT

indicates that carriage return characters are added before linefeed characters on output operations and are removed on input operations when they precede linefeed characters.

These values are defined in the <fcntl.h> header file.  The value of _fmode may be changed by a program to change the default behavior of the open, fopen, creat and _sopen functions.  The default setting of _fmode is O_TEXT, for text-mode translation.  O_BINARY is the setting for binary mode.  You can change the value of _fmode in either of two ways: 

• You can include the object file BINMODE.OBJ when linking your application.  This object file contains code to change the initial setting of _fmode to O_BINARY, causing all files except stdin, stdout, and stderr to be opened in binary mode.
• You can change the value of _fmode directly by setting it in your program.

__MaxThreads

There is a limit to the number of threads an application can create under 16-bit OS/2 and 32-bit NetWare.  The default limit is 32.  This limit can be adjusted by statically initializing the unsigned global variable __MaxThreads.
Under 32-bit OS/2, there is no limit to the number of threads an application can create.  However, due to the way in which multiple threads are supported in the Open Watcom libraries, there is a small performance penalty once the number of threads exceeds the default limit of 32 (this number includes the initial thread).  If you are creating more than 32 threads and wish to avoid this performance penalty, you can redefine the threshold value of 32.  You can statically initialize the global variable __MaxThreads.

By adding the following line to your multi-threaded application, the new threshold value will be set to 48.

     
     unsigned __MaxThreads = { 48 };

__minreal

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This data item contains the minimum amount of real memory (below 640K) to reserve when running a 32-bit DOS extended application.  

optarg

Prototype in <unistd.h>.
This char * variable contains a pointer to an option-argument parsed by the getopt function.  

opterr

Prototype in <unistd.h>.
This int variable controls whether the getopt function will print error messages.  The default value is non-zero and will cause the getopt function to print error messages on the console.  

optind

Prototype in <unistd.h>.
This int variable holds the index of the argument array element currently processed by the getopt function. 

optopt

Prototype in <unistd.h>.
This int variable contains the unrecognized option character in case the getopt function returns an error. 

_osmajor

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This unsigned char variable contains the major number for the version of Operating System executing on the computer.   By example, if current running DOS version is 3.20, then the value will be 3. 

_osminor

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This unsigned char variable contains the minor number for the version of Operating System executing on the computer.   By example, if current running DOS version is 3.20, then the value will be 20. 

_osbuild

(Win32 only) Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This unsigned short variable contains the operating system build number for the version of Windows executing on the computer. 

_osver

(Win32 only) Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This unsigned int variable contains the operating system build number for the version of Windows executing on the computer.
On Win32s or Windows 95/98 platforms, the high bit of the low-order 16-bit word is turned on.  Windows 95/98 do not have build numbers.

     
     unsigned short dwBuild;

     // Get build numbers for Win32 or Win32s

     if( _osver < 0x8000 )       // Windows NT/2000
         dwBuild = _osver;
     else if (_winmajor < 4)     // Win32s
         dwBuild = _osver & 0x8000;
     else                         // Windows 95 or 98
         dwBuild =  0;            // No build numbers provided

Note that the Win32 GetVersionEx function is the preferred method for obtaining operating system version number information. 

_osmode

(16-bit only) Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This unsigned char variable contains either the value DOS_MODE which indicates the program is running in real address mode, or it contains the value OS2_MODE which indicates the program is running in protected address mode. 

_psp

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This data item contains the segment value for the DOS Program Segment Prefix.  Consult the technical documentation for your DOS system for the process information contained in the Program Segment Prefix. 

_stacksize

On 16-bit 80x86 systems, this unsigned int value contains the size of the stack for a TINY memory model program.   Changing the value of this item during the execution of a program will have no effect upon the program, since the value is used when the program starts execution.  To change the size of the stack to be 8K bytes, a statement such as follows can be included with the program.
     
     unsigned int _stacksize = { 8 * 1024 };

stdaux

Prototype in <stdio.h>.
This variable (with type FILE *) indicates the standard auxiliary port (not available in some Windows platforms).  

stderr

Prototype in <stdio.h>.
This variable (with type FILE *) indicates the standard error stream (set to the console by default). 

stdin

Prototype in <stdio.h>.
This variable (with type FILE *) indicates the standard input stream (set to the console by default). 

stdout

Prototype in <stdio.h>.
This variable (with type FILE *) indicates the standard output stream (set to the console by default). 

stdprn

Prototype in <stdio.h>.
This variable (with type FILE *) indicates the standard printer.  (not available in some Windows platforms).  

sys_errlist

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This variable is an array of pointers to character strings for each error code defined in the <errno.h> header file. 

sys_nerr

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This int variable contains the number of messages declared in sys_errlist. 

_threadid

Prototype in <stddef.h>.
This variable/function may be used to obtain the id of the current thread which is an int.  In the 32-bit libraries, _threadid is a function that returns a pointer to an int.  In the 16-bit libraries, _threadid is a far pointer to an int.  Note that the value stored where _threadid points does not necessarily change when a thread context switch occurs (so do not make a copy of the pointer ...  it may change).  To obtain the current thread identifier, simply code:
     
     int tid = *_threadid;

timezone

Prototype in <time.h>.
This long int contains the number of seconds of time that the local time zone is earlier than Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) (formerly known as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)).  Whenever a time function is called, the tzset function is called to set the value of the variable.  The value will be determined from the value of the TZ environment variable. 

tzname

Prototype in <time.h>.
This array of two pointers to character strings indicates the name of the standard abbreviation for the time zone and the name of the abbreviation for the time zone when daylight saving time is in effect.  Whenever a time function is called, the tzset function is called to set the values in the array.  These values will be determined from the value of the TZ environment variable. 

__wargc

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This int item contains the number of arguments passed to wmain. 

__wargv

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This wchar_t ** item contains a pointer to a vector containing the actual arguments passed to wmain.  

_wenviron

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This wchar_t ** __near data item is a pointer to an array of wide character pointers to the wide character equivalents of the environment strings. 

__win_alloc_flags

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This unsigned long int variable contains the flags to be used when allocating memory in Windows. 

__win_realloc_flags

Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This unsigned long int variable contains the flags to be used when reallocating memory in Windows. 

_winmajor

(Win32 only) Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This unsigned int variable contains the operating system major version number for the version of Windows executing on the computer.  For example, the major version number of the Daytona release of Windows NT is 3.
Note that the Win32 GetVersionEx function is the preferred method for obtaining operating system version number information. 

_winminor

(Win32 only) Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This unsigned int variable contains the operating system minor version number for the version of Windows executing on the computer.  For example, the minor version number of the Daytona release of Windows NT is 5.
Note that the Win32 GetVersionEx function is the preferred method for obtaining operating system version number information. 

_winver

(Win32 only) Prototype in <stdlib.h>.
This unsigned int variable contains the operating system version number for the version of Windows executing on the computer.  The low-order byte contains the minor version number (see also _winminor).  The next byte contains the major version number (see also _winmajor).  The high-order word contains no useful information.
Note that the Win32 GetVersionEx function is the preferred method for obtaining operating system version number information.

The TZ Environment Variable

std offset dst offset , rule

stdoffset[dst[offset][,start[/time],end[/time]]]

std, dst

three or more letters that are the designation for the standard (std) or summer (dst) time zone.  Only std is required.  If dst is omitted, then summer time does not apply in this locale.  Upper- and lowercase letters are allowed.  Any characters except for a leading colon (:), digits, comma (,), minus (-), plus (+), and ASCII NUL (\0) are allowed.

offset

indicates the value one must add to the local time to arrive at Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).  The offset has the form:

hh[:mm[:ss]]

The minutes (mm) and seconds (ss) are optional.  The hour (hh) is required and may be a single digit.  The offset following std is required.  If no offset follows dst, summer time is assumed to be one hour ahead of standard time.  One or more digits may be used; the value is always interpreted as a decimal number.  The hour may be between 0 and 24, and the minutes (and seconds) - if present - between 0 and 59.   If preceded by a "-", the time zone will be east of the Prime Meridian; otherwise it will be west (which may be indicated by an optional preceding "+").

rule

indicates when to change to and back from summer time.  The rule has the form:

date/time,date/time

where the first date describes when the change from standard to summer time occurs and the second date describes when the change back happens.  Each time field describes when, in current local time, the change to the other time is made.

The format of date may be one of the following:

Jn

The Julian day n (1 <= n <= 365).  Leap days are not counted.  That is, in all years - including leap years - February 28 is day 59 and March 1 is day 60.  It is impossible to explicitly refer to the occasional February 29.

n

The zero-based Julian day (0 <= n <= 365).  Leap years are counted, and it is possible to refer to February 29.

Mm.n.d

The d'th day (0 <= d <= 6) of week n of month m of the year (1 <= n <= 5, 1 <= m <= 12, where week 5 means "the last d day in month m" which may occur in the fourth or fifth week).  Week 1 is the first week in which the d'th day occurs.  Day zero is Sunday.

The time has the same format as offset except that no leading sign ("+" or "-") is allowed.   The default, if time is omitted, is 02:00:00.

TZ=EST5EDT

Eastern Standard Time is 5 hours earlier than Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).  Standard time and daylight saving time both apply to this locale.  By default, Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) is one hour ahead of standard time (i.e., EDT4).   Since it is not specified, daylight saving time starts on the first Sunday of April at 2:00 A.M.  and ends on the last Sunday of October at 2:00 A.M.  This is the default when the TZ variable is not set.

TZ=EST5EDT4,M4.1.0/02:00:00,M10.5.0/02:00:00

This is the full specification for the default when the TZ variable is not set.  Eastern Standard Time is 5 hours earlier than Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).  Standard time and daylight saving time both apply to this locale.   Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) is one hour ahead of standard time.  Daylight saving time starts on the first (1) Sunday (0) of April (4) at 2:00 A.M.  and ends on the last (5) Sunday (0) of October (10) at 2:00 A.M.

TZ=PST8PDT

Pacific Standard Time is 8 hours earlier than Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).  Standard time and daylight saving time both apply to this locale.  By default, Pacific Daylight Time is one hour ahead of standard time (i.e., PDT7).  Since it is not specified, daylight saving time starts on the first Sunday of April at 2:00 A.M.  and ends on the last Sunday of October at 2:00 A.M.

TZ=NST3:30NDT1:30

Newfoundland Standard Time is 3 and 1/2 hours earlier than Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).  Standard time and daylight saving time both apply to this locale.  Newfoundland Daylight Time is 1 and 1/2 hours earlier than Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

TZ=Central Europe Time-2:00

Central European Time is 2 hours later than Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).  Daylight saving time does not apply in this locale.

The OS/2 TZ Environment Variable

std offset dst, rule

stdoffsetdst,sm,sw,sd,st,em,ew,ed,et,shift

std, dst

three or more letters that are the designation for the standard (std) and summer (dst) time zone.  Upper- and lowercase letters are allowed.  Any characters except for a leading colon (:), digits, comma (,), minus (-), plus (+), and ASCII NUL (\0) are allowed.

offset

indicates the value one must add to the local time to arrive at Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).  The offset has the form:

hh[:mm[:ss]]

The minutes (mm) and seconds (ss) are optional.  The hour (hh) is required and may be a single digit.  The value is always interpreted as a decimal number.  The hour may be between 0 and 24, and the minutes (and seconds) - if present - between 0 and 59.  If preceded by a "-", the time zone will be east of the Prime Meridian; otherwise it will be west (which may be indicated by an optional preceding "+").

rule

indicates when to change to and back from summer time and the time shift for summer time.  The rule has the form:

sm,sw,sd,st,em,ew,ed,et,shift

where sm,sw,sd,st describe when the change from standard to summer time occurs and em,ew,ed,et describe when the change back happens.

sm and em specify the starting and ending month (1 - 12) of the summer time.

sw and ew specify the starting and ending week of the summer time.  You can specify the last week of the month ( -1 ), or week 1 to 4.  Week 0 has a special meaning for the day field ( sd or ed ).

sd/ed Starting/ending day of dst,

0 - 6 ( weekday Sun to Sat ) if sw/ew is not zero,

1 - 31 ( day of the month ) if sw/ew is zero

st/et Starting/ending time (in seconds after midnight) of the summer time.

shift Amount of time change (in seconds).

TZ=EST5EDT,4,1,0,7200,10,-1,0,7200,3600

This is the full specification for the default when the TZ variable is not set.  Eastern Standard Time is 5 hours earlier than Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).  Standard time and daylight saving time both apply to this locale.   Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) is one hour ahead of standard time.  Daylight saving time starts on the first (1) Sunday (0) of April (4) at 2:00 A.M.  and ends on the last (-1) Sunday (0) of October (10) at 2:00 A.M.

Graphics Library

• Graphics Functions
• Graphics Adapters
• Classes of Graphics Functions
  1. Environment Functions
  2. Coordinate System Functions
  3. Attribute Functions
  4. Drawing Functions
  5. Text Functions
  6. Graphics Text Functions
  7. Image Manipulation Functions
  8. Font Manipulation Functions
  9. Presentation Graphics Functions
     
          Display Functions
          Analyze Functions
          Utility Functions
• Graphics Header Files

Graphics Functions

Graphics Adapters

• IBM Monochrome Display/Printer Adapter (MDPA)
• IBM Color Graphics Adapter (CGA)
• IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA)
• IBM Multi-Color Graphics Array (MCGA)
• IBM Video Graphics Array (VGA)
• Hercules Monochrome Adapter
• SuperVGA adapters (SVGA) supplied by various manufacturers

Classes of Graphics Functions

Environment Functions

These functions deal with the hardware environment.

Coordinate System Functions

These functions deal with coordinate systems and mapping coordinates from one system to another.

Attribute Functions

These functions control the display of graphical images.

Drawing Functions

These functions display graphical images such as lines and ellipses.

Text Functions

These functions deal with displaying text in both graphics and text modes.

Graphics Text Functions

These functions deal with displaying graphics text.

Image Manipulation Functions

These functions store and retrieve screen images.

Font Manipulation Functions

These functions deal with displaying font based text.

Presentation Graphics Functions

These functions deal with displaying presentation graphics elements such as bar charts and pie charts.

Environment Functions

_getactivepage

get the number of the current active graphics page

_getvideoconfig

get information about the graphics configuration

_getvisualpage

get the number of the current visual graphics page

_grstatus

get the status of the most recently called graphics library function

_setactivepage

set the active graphics page (the page to which graphics objects are drawn)

_settextrows

set the number of rows of text displayed on the screen

_setvideomode

select the video mode to be used

_setvideomoderows

select the video mode and the number of text rows to be used

_setvisualpage

set the visual graphics page (the page displayed on the screen)

Coordinate System Functions

1. Physical coordinates
2. View coordinates
3. Window coordinates

_getcliprgn

get the boundary of the current clipping region

_getphyscoord

get the physical coordinates of a point in view coordinates

_getviewcoord

get the view coordinates of a point in physical coordinates

_getviewcoord_w

get the view coordinates of a point in window coordinates

_getviewcoord_wxy

get the view coordinates of a point in window coordinates

_getwindowcoord

get the window coordinates of a point in view coordinates

_setcliprgn

set the boundary of the clipping region

_setvieworg

set the position to be used as the origin of the view coordinate system

_setviewport

set the boundary of the clipping region and the origin of the view coordinate system

_setwindow

define the boundary of the window coordinate system

Attribute Functions

_getarcinfo

get the endpoints of the most recently drawn arc

_getbkcolor

get the background color

_getcolor

get the current color

_getfillmask

get the current fill mask

_getlinestyle

get the current line style

_getplotaction

get the current plotting action

_remapallpalette

assign colors for all pixel values

_remappalette

assign color for one pixel value

_selectpalette

select a palette

_setbkcolor

set the background color

_setcolor

set the current color

_setfillmask

set the current fill mask

_setlinestyle

set the current line style

_setplotaction

set the current plotting action

Drawing Functions

_arc

draw an arc

_arc_w

draw an arc using window coordinates

_arc_wxy

draw an arc using window coordinates

_clearscreen

clear the screen and fill with the background color

_ellipse

draw an ellipse

_ellipse_w

draw an ellipse using window coordinates

_ellipse_wxy

draw an ellipse using window coordinates

_floodfill

fill an area of the screen with the current color

_floodfill_w

fill an area of the screen in window coordinates with the current color

_getcurrentposition

get the coordinates of the current output position

_getcurrentposition_w

get the window coordinates of the current output position

_getpixel

get the color of the pixel at the specified position

_getpixel_w

get the color of the pixel at the specified position in window coordinates

_lineto

draw a line from the current position to a specified position

_lineto_w

draw a line from the current position to a specified position in window coordinates

_moveto

set the current output position

_moveto_w

set the current output position using window coordinates

_pie

draw a wedge of a "pie"

_pie_w

draw a wedge of a "pie" using window coordinates

_pie_wxy

draw a wedge of a "pie" using window coordinates

_polygon

draw a polygon

_polygon_w

draw a polygon using window coordinates

_polygon_wxy

draw a polygon using window coordinates

_rectangle

draw a rectangle

_rectangle_w

draw a rectangle using window coordinates

_rectangle_wxy

draw a rectangle using window coordinates

_setpixel

set the color of the pixel at the specified position

_setpixel_w

set the color of the pixel at the specified position in window coordinates

Text Functions

_clearscreen

clear the screen and fill with the background color

_displaycursor

determine whether the cursor is to be displayed after a graphics function completes execution

_getbkcolor

get the background color

_gettextcolor

get the color used to display text

_gettextcursor

get the shape of the text cursor

_gettextposition

get the current output position for text

_gettextwindow

get the boundary of the current text window

_outmem

display a text string of a specified length

_outtext

display a text string

_scrolltextwindow

scroll the contents of the text window

_setbkcolor

set the background color

_settextcolor

set the color used to display text

_settextcursor

set the shape of the text cursor

_settextposition

set the output position for text

_settextwindow

set the boundary of the region used to display text

_wrapon

permit or disallow wrap-around of text in a text window

Graphics Text Functions

_gettextextent

get the bounding rectangle for a graphics text string

_gettextsettings

get information about the current settings used to display graphics text

_grtext

display graphics text

_grtext_w

display graphics text using window coordinates

_setcharsize

set the character size used to display graphics text

_setcharsize_w

set the character size in window coordinates used to display graphics text

_setcharspacing

set the character spacing used to display graphics text

_setcharspacing_w

set the character spacing in window coordinates used to display graphics text

_settextalign

set the alignment used to display graphics text

_settextorient

set the orientation used to display graphics text

_settextpath

set the path used to display graphics text

Image Manipulation Functions

_getimage

store an image of an area of the screen into memory

_getimage_w

store an image of an area of the screen in window coordinates into memory

_getimage_wxy

store an image of an area of the screen in window coordinates into memory

_imagesize

get the size of a screen area

_imagesize_w

get the size of a screen area in window coordinates

_imagesize_wxy

get the size of a screen area in window coordinates

_putimage

display an image from memory on the screen

_putimage_w

display an image from memory on the screen using window coordinates

Font Manipulation Functions

_getfontinfo

get information about the currently selected font

_getgtextextent

get the length in pixels of a text string

_getgtextvector

get the current value of the font text orientation vector

_outgtext

display a string of text in the current font

_registerfonts

initialize the font graphics system

_setfont

select a font from among the registered fonts

_setgtextvector

set the font text orientation vector

_unregisterfonts

frees memory allocated by the font graphics system

Presentation Graphics Functions

Display Functions

These functions are for the initialization of the presentation graphics system and the displaying of charts.

Analyze Functions

These functions calculate default values for chart elements without actually displaying the chart.

Utility Functions

These functions provide additional support to control the appearance of presentation graphics elements.

Display Functions

_pg_chart

display a bar, column or line chart

_pg_chartms

display a multi-series bar, column or line chart

_pg_chartpie

display a pie chart

_pg_chartscatter

display a scatter chart

_pg_chartscatterms

display a multi-series scatter chart

_pg_defaultchart

initialize the chart environment for a specific chart type

_pg_initchart

initialize the presentation graphics system

Analyze Functions

_pg_analyzechart

analyze a bar, column or line chart

_pg_analyzechartms

analyze a multi-series bar, column or line chart

_pg_analyzepie

analyze a pie chart

_pg_analyzescatter

analyze a scatter chart

_pg_analyzescatterms

analyze a multi-series scatter chart

Utility Functions

_pg_getchardef

get bit-map definition for a specific character

_pg_getpalette

get presentation graphics palette (colors, line styles, fill patterns and plot characters)

_pg_getstyleset

get presentation graphics style-set (line styles for window borders and grid lines)

_pg_hlabelchart

display text horizontally on a chart

_pg_resetpalette

reset presentation graphics palette to default values

_pg_resetstyleset

reset presentation graphics style-set to default values

_pg_setchardef

set bit-map definition for a specific character

_pg_setpalette

set presentation graphics palette (colors, line styles, fill patterns and plot characters)

_pg_setstyleset

set presentation graphics style-set (line styles for window borders and grid lines)

_pg_vlabelchart

display text vertically on a chart

Graphics Header Files

DOS Considerations

DOS Devices

CON

the console (screen)

AUX

the serial (auxiliary) port

COM1

serial port 1

COM2

serial port 2

PRN

the printer on the parallel port

LPT1

the printer on the first parallel port

LPT2

the printer on the second parallel port

LPT3

the printer on the third parallel port

NUL

a non-existent device, which accepts (and discards) output

A:

the first disk drive

a:

the first disk drive

e:

the fifth disk drive

DOS Directories

b:\

the root directory of the second disk drive

\

the root directory of the current disk drive

\outer\middle\inner

directory inner which is contained within directory middle which is contained within directory outer which is contained within the root directory of the current disk drive.

Relative Path

Absolute Path

a:xxx\y

a:\apps\payroll\xxx\y

c:zzzzz

c:\mydir\zzzzz

DOS File Names

drive:

is an optional disk drive specification.  If omitted, the default drive is used.  Some examples are:
     
     A:  (first disk drive)
     c:  (third disk drive)

\path\

is the path specification for the directory containing the desired file.  Some examples are:
     
     \mylib\
     \apps\payroll\

filename.ext

is the name of the file.

Drive

Directory

A:

\payroll

B:

\           (root directory)

C:

\source\c

Designation

Actual File

pgm.c

C:\SOURCE\C\PGM.C

\basic.dat

C:\BASIC.DAT

paypgm\outsep.c

C:\SOURCE\C\PAYPGM\OUTSEP.C

b:data

B:\DATA

a:employee

A:\PAYROLL\EMPLOYEE

a:\deduct\yr1988

A:\DEDUCT\YR1988

DOS Files

BINARY

These files can contain arbitrary data.  It is the responsibility of the software to recognize records within the file if they exist.

TEXT

These files contain lines of "printable" characters.  Each line is delimited by a carriage return character followed by a linefeed character.

DOS Commands

DOS Interrupts

DOS Processes

Library Functions and Macros

Synopsis:

This subsection gives the header files that should be included within a source file that references the function or macro.   It also shows an appropriate declaration for the function or for a function that could be substituted for a macro.   This declaration is not included in your program; only the header file(s) should be included.
When a pointer argument is passed to a function and that function does not modify the item indicated by that pointer, the argument is shown with const before the argument.  For example,

     
     const char *string

indicates that the array pointed at by string is not changed.

Constraints:

This subsection describes Runtime-constraints for Safer C Library functions.

Safer C:

This subsection points to the Safer C version of the described "unsafe" function.

Description:

This subsection is a description of the function or macro.

Returns:

This subsection describes the return value (if any) for the function or macro.

Errors:

This subsection describes the possible errno values.

See Also:

This optional subsection provides a list of related functions or macros.

Example:

This optional subsection consists of one or more examples of the use of the function.  The examples are often just fragments of code (not complete programs) for illustration purposes.

Classification:

This subsection provides an indication of where the function or macro is commonly found.  The following notation is used:

ISO C

These functions or macros are defined by the ISO/ANSI C standard ISO/IEC 9899:1989.

ISO C90

These functions or macros are defined by the ISO/ANSI C standard ISO/IEC 9899:1990.

ISO C95

These functions or macros are defined by the ISO/ANSI C standard ISO/IEC 9899:1990/AMD 1:1995.

ISO C99

These functions or macros are defined by the ISO/ANSI C standard ISO/IEC 9899:1999.

POSIX 1003.1

The functions or macros are not defined by the ISO C standard.  These functions are specified in the document IEEE Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments (IEEE Draft Standard 1003.1-1990).

POSIX 1003.2

These functions or macros are not defined by the ISO C standard.  These functions are specified in the document Shell and Utility Application Interface for Computer Operating System Environments (IEEE Computer Society Working Group 1003.2).

POSIX 1003.4

These functions or macros are not defined by the ISO C standard.  These functions are specified in the document Realtime Extensions for Computer Operating System Environments (IEEE Computer Society Working Group 1003.4).

Intel

These functions or macros are neither ISO C nor POSIX.  It performs a function related to the Intel x86 architecture.   It may be found in other implementations of C for personal computers using Intel chips.  Use these functions with caution, if portability is a consideration.

BIOS

These functions access a service of the BIOS found in IBM Personal Computers and compatibles.  These functions should not be used if portability is a consideration.

DOS

These functions or macros are neither ISO C nor POSIX.  They perform a function related to DOS.  They may be found in other implementations of C for personal computers with DOS.  Use these functions with caution, if portability is a consideration.

OS/2

These functions are specific to OS/2.

PC Graphics

These functions are part of the PC graphics library.

Windows

These functions are specific to Microsoft Windows.

WATCOM

These functions or macros are neither ISO C nor POSIX.  They may be found in other implementations of the C language, but caution should be used if portability is a consideration.

TR 24731

These functions are "safer" versions of normal C library functions.  They perform more checks on parameters and should be used in preference over their "unsafe" version.

Systems:

This subsection provides an indication of where the function or macro is supported.  The following notation is used:

All

This function is available on all systems (we do not include RDOS, Linux, Netware or DOS/PM in this category).

DOS

This function is available on both 16-bit DOS and 32-bit extended DOS.

DOS/16

This function is available on 16-bit, real-mode DOS.

DOS/32

This function is available on 32-bit, protected-mode extended DOS.

DOS/PM

This 16-bit DOS protected-mode function is supported under Phar Lap's 286|DOS-Extender "RUN286".  The function is found in one of Open Watcom's 16-bit protected-mode DOS libraries (DOSPM*.LIB under the 16-bit OS2 subdirectory).

Linux

This function is available on the Linux operating system for Intel 80386 and upwards compatible systems.

MACRO

This function is implemented as a macro (#define) on all systems.

Math

This function is a math function.  Math functions are available on all systems.

Netware

This function is available on the 32-bit Novell Netware operating system.

OS/2 1.x

This function is available on IBM OS/2 1.x, a 16-bit protected-mode system for Intel 80286 and upwards compatible systems.
When "(MT)" appears after OS/2, it refers to the CLIBMTL library which supports multi-threaded applications.

When "(DL)" appears after OS/2, it refers to the CLIBDLL library which supports creation of Dynamic Link Libraries.

When "(all)" appears after "OS/2 1", it means all versions of the OS/2 1.x libraries.

If a function is missing from the OS/2 library, it may be found in Open Watcom's 16-bit protected-mode DOS libraries (DOSPM*.LIB) for Phar Lap's 286|DOS-Extender (RUN286).

OS/2-32

This function is available on 32-bit IBM OS/2, a protected-mode system for Intel 80386 and upwards compatible systems.

RDOS

This function is available on RDOS operating system.

QNX

This function is available on QNX Software Systems' 16 or 32-bit operating systems.

QNX/16

This function is available on QNX Software Systems' 16-bit operating system.

QNX/32

This function is available on QNX Software Systems' 32-bit operating system.

Windows

This function is available on 16-bit, protected-mode Windows 3.x.

Win386

This function is available on Microsoft Windows 3.x, using Open Watcom's Windows Extender for 32-bit protected-mode applications running on Intel 386 or upward compatible systems.

Win32

This function is available on 32-bit Microsoft Windows platforms (Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, etc.).   It may also be available for Windows 3.x using Win32s support.